Acids, capitalization examples

Editing-defective aaRSs can also be capitalized on for global misincorporation of amino acids. For example, LeuRS has been used to incorporate oxonorvaline, a ketone-containing amino acid. These ketone groups, which are not found naturally in... 

Many factors act together to determine the optimum scale of a process. These include the demand for the product, competitors share of the market, any technical limitations on the size of operation and also economies of scale effects. There is an approximate logarithmic relationship between the unit production costs for a product and the volume of production, whereby considerable economies of scale can be achieved. If the costs of a process of one size (C ) is known then the costs of larger or smaller factories (C ) can be approximately obtained from the relationship C = Cx (or n° ), where n is the scale-up ratio, i.e. n=l for a plant that is twice as big. Alternatively, a graph of log capital costs vs. log of plant capacity gives a straight line with a slope equal to the scale-up factor (n). The power term varies from case to case, but is invariably less than one. This scale effect is one reason why unit production costs are inversely proportional to the scale of manufacture. For example, most amino acids are expensive and can only be used in... 

Presently, the sebacic acid synthesis is carried out industrially only in the USSR (capacity about 2000 tonnes/year). Fairly large amounts are produced from castor oil, a naturally renewable raw material. The capital costs for large plants are indeed considerable. Sebacic acid is used, for example, as a component in polyamides. Seba-cates are used as special plasticizers and synthetic lubricants. 

Figure 3.6 shows 12 structures that may correspond to the abbreviation DPA. Six of them can be output by the ACD/Name to Structure software package, and six more were found by browsing the Internet. Note that even a specific context cannot guarantee an exact meaning. For example, both structures 3 and 8 were found in publications about coordination compounds. In general, chemical abbreviations are not unique and can rarely be distinguished from other trivial names except for the rather weak criterion that all letters are capitalized. We can conclude that conversion of any trivial name shorter than about five or six characters is not safe. A few rarer exceptions do exist, but this is a very short list. Examples include reserved abbreviations such as those for dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA. 

An interesting example which capitalizes on the ability of the hydro-phobic cavity of (3-lactoglobulin to carry a hydrophobic molecules and complexation has been recently reported (Zimet and Livney, 2009). It was found that (S-lactoglobulin binds docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and further that DHA-loaded (S-lactoglobulin can form nanocomplexes ( 100 nm) with low methoxy pectin at a pH colloidal stability and protected DHA against oxidation. 

Almost all cross-flow filtration processes are inherently susceptible to flux decline due to membrane fouling (a time-dependent phenomenon) and concentration polarization effects which reflect concentration buildup on the membrane surface. This means lower flux (i.e., product output) which could drive the capital costs higher due to the requirement of a larger surface area to realize the desired production rate. In some situations, the lower flux could also result in lower selectivity which means reduced recoveries and/or incomplete removal of impurities from the filtrate. For example, removal of inhibitory metabolites such as lactic acid bacterial or separation of cells from broth while maximizing recovery of soluble products. 1 1... 

Here, one can enter not only letters for nucleic acid bases (ACGT or acgt) but also capital letters for consensus bases (for example R for purins). 

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