Acids aldone

Derivatives of aldoses in which the terminal aldehyde function is oxidized to a car boxylic acid are called aldonic acids Aldonic acids are named by replacing the ose ending of the aldose by omc acid Oxidation of aldoses with bromine is the most com monly used method for the preparation of aldonic acids and involves the furanose or pyranose form of the carbohydrate... 

The parent that includes the functional group most preferred by general principles of organic nomenclature [13,14], If there is a choice, it is made on the basis of the greatest number of occurrences of the most preferred functional group. Thus aldaric acid > uronic acid/ketoaldonic acid/aldonic acid > dialdose > ketoal-dose/aldose > diketose > ketose. 

Know the meaning of glycosidic bond, reducing and nonreducing sugar, aldaric acid, aldonic acid, alditol. 

Other functional groups are also found in natural sugars such as carboxylic acids (aldonic, uronic, aldaric) able to form lactones (reversibly), amines or amides (aminosugars) and both acid and amine groups (sialic acids). 

Addition of cyanide to the aldopentose generates a new chiral center, about which there are two possible configurations. As a result, two diastereomeric cyanohydrins are obtained, which yield diastereomeric carboxylic acids (aldonic acids) and finally diastereomeric aldoses. 

Many unsaturated hydroxyacids, with the stereochemistry of the double bond known, are readily available. Direct hydroxylation converts them into trihydroxy acids (aldonic acids). A number of effective reagents have been developed within the past 15 years for the half-reduction of the carboxyl group to the aldehyde function stage. These are the reasons for particularly wide application of these substrates in sugar synthesis. 

This section is concerned with oxidations of free sugars where the primary study is the kinetic or mechanistic interpretation. Preparative studies leading to alduloses, uronic acids, aldonic acids etc. will be found in chapters 14 and 15. 

Chromium trioxide I sulfuric acid Aldonic acids from carbohydrates... 

Aliphatic polyesters may be classified into two groups, depending on the bond constitution of the monomCTs poly(hydroxy acid)s i.e. polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)) and polyfalkylene dicarboxylate)s [68]. The former are polymers of hydroxy acids (a, p,...(i)-hydroxy acids), obtained by ring-opening polymerization or polycondensation reactions. The latter are S3uithesized by the polycondensation reaction of diols with dicarboxylic acids. Aldonic and aldaric acids can be used to prepare both groups of polyesters. 

Organic acids consist of aliphatic monobasic carboxylic acids from formic acid up to the Cig acids aliphatic monobasic hydroxyl acids such as lactic acid aldonic and uronic acids such as gluconic, glucuronic, and galacturonic acids aliphatic monobasic 0X0 acids, mainly including succinic, malic, citric, and tartaric acids. 

Sugars Unusual sugars (amino, deoxy and methyl sugars, and sugars with branched chains). Reduction products (sugar alcohols, cyclitols, streptidine). Oxidation products (uronic acids, aldonic acids, sugar dicarboxylic acids). 

---