Acid halides carbons

Acid halides Carbon, hydrogen, single bonds, and at least one -COX11 in the molecule (may include double and triple bonds and other structures) H H n 1 1, H-C-C-C 1 1 xri H H w Propanoyl chloride... 

Acid Halides, Carbonates, Anhydrides and Metallic Carbonyls... 

Esterification. Esters are formed by the reaction of ethanol with inorganic and organic acids, acid anhydrides, and acid halides. If the inorganic acid is oxygenated, eg, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, the ester has a carbon—oxygen linkage that is easily hydrolyzed (24—26). 

The same diamine, when treated with carbon disulfide in alkaline medium, yielded 2-mercapto- l//-imidazo[4,5-/]quinoline (88PS267,88SC973,86IJC264), which, on treatment with alkyl, aralkyl, and acid halides, gave the corresponding thioethers and thioesters 111, respectively (88PS267, 86IJC264). 

A carboxylic acid (not the salt) can be the nucleophile if F is present. Mesylates are readily displaced, for example, by benzoic acid/CsF. Dihalides have been converted to diesters by this method. A COOH group can be conveniently protected by reaction of its ion with a phenacyl bromide (ArCOCH2Br). The resulting ester is easily cleaved when desired with zinc and acetic acid. Dialkyl carbonates can be prepared without phosgene (see 10-21) by phase-transfer catalyzed treatment of primary alkyl halides with dry KHCO3 and K2C03- ... 

The formation of ester via reaction (11) of Figure 12.10 deserves some further attention as it is not one of the elementary steps discussed in Chapter 2. One possible mechanism is the direct, outer-sphere attack of an alcohol or alkoxide at the acyl carbon atom, similar to the reaction of acid halides and alcohols (17-18 in Figure 12.13). This reaction is accessible for both cis and trans diphosphine complexes 12 and 13. Since monophosphines give mainly trans acyl complexes 13, not suited for insertion reactions, they were thought to have a preference for making esters or low molecular weight products. Trans complexes do form esters in reactions with alcohols or alkoxides, but this does not give direct information about the mechanism [42,43,44],... 

Scheme 83 Nickel-catalyzed formation of ketones and acid halides from carbon dioxide and aryl or vinyl halides.

Fischer polypeptide synthesis org chem A synthesis of peptides in which a-amino acids or those peptides with a free amino group react with acid halides of a-haloacids, followed by amination with ammonia. fish-ar pal-e pep,tTd. sin tha sas ) Fischer projection orgchem) A method for representing the spatial arrangement of groups around chiral carbon atoms the four bonds to the chiral carbon are represented by a cross, with the assumption that the horizontal bonds project toward the viewer and the vertical bonds away from the viewer fish-ar pra.jek-shon) Fischer s salt See cobalt potassium nitrite. fish-3rz solt)... 

The reaction of hydrazinapyrazoles 218 with acid halides also yields alkyl- and aryl-pyrazolo[5,l-c]-l,2,4-triazoles. Pyrazolo[5,l-c]-triazole-3-thiones are formed from 218 and carbon disulfide [77JCS(P1)2047]. 

Carbon Disulfide under Sulfur Compounds Carbon Monoxide under Carbon Compounds Carbon Tetrachloride under Saturated Alkyl Halides Carbon Tetrafluoride under Saturated Alkyl Halides Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Carboxylic Acids with Other Functional Groups Cesium... 

Halogenations with dihalotriphenylphosphoranes have been reviewed briefly by Fieser and Fieser.4 Dibromotriphenylphos-phorane appears to have been studied somewhat more than the dichloro compound, but both reagents effectively convert alcohols to alkyl halides, carboxylic acids and esters to acid halides, etc. The reaction of 1,2-epoxycyclohexane with dibromotriphenylphos-phorane under conditions similar to those described here gives a mixture of cis- and trans-1,2-dibromocyclohexanes. A reagent prepared from triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride has been used for similar transformations.5... 

Many carboxylic acids lose carbon dioxide on either direct or sensitized irradiation, and in some cases (4.10 the evidence points to the operation of an initial electron-transfer mechanism rather than primary a-deavage. Cleavage occurs readily with acyl halides, and this can [ead to overall decarbonylation (4.11). Aldehydes also cleave readily, since the (0=)C—H bond is more prone to homolysis than the (0= C-C bond. This offers a convenient method for replacing the aldehydic hydrogen by deuterium in aromatic aldehydes (4.12. and a similar initial reaction step accounts for the production of chain-Iengtheped amides when formamide is irradiated in the presence of a terminal alkene (4.13). 

The inevitable introduction of acids such as hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, bases, metallic halides, carbonates and gases like carbon dioxide and nitrogen create another set of problems for the seal. The oil field duty condition is very critical and unique, and therefore there is very little technology transfer potential. 

The deliberate introduction of acids (HC1, HF), bases (inhibitors) completion fluids (metal halides, carbonates etc.) and gases (C02, N2) creates another set of problems. These interactions are reasonably well understood by only a very few users. The oil field environment is unique and there is no other environment with similar problems so there is little technology transfer potential. 

In contrast to the inertness of carbon halides, the halides of silicon and phosphorus are extremely reactive with water, to the extent that they must be protected from atmospheric moisture. A clue to the reactivity of these halides is provided hy the somewhat Similar reactivity of acid halides which readily react with water... 

Reduction of halides (X) with zinc and hydrochloric acid. bles carbon and tin resembles silicon Germanium resem-... 

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