Acetone solubility parameter

The fluids have reasonably good chemical resistance but are attacked by concentrated mineral acids and alkalis. They are soluble in aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, which is to be expected from the low solubility parameter of 14.9 MPa. They are insoluble in solvents of higher solubility parameter such as acetone, ethylene glycol and water. They are themselves very poor solvents. Some physical properties of the dimethylsilicone fluids are summarised in Table 29.2. 

FIGURE 3 2 Solvent extraction efficiencies (EF) as functions of dielectric constants (D), solubility parameters (6), and polarity parameters (P and E -). Solvents studied silicon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, n pentane. Freon 113, cyclopentane, n-hexane, carbon tetradiloride, diethylether, cyclohexane, isooctane, benzene (reference, EF 100), toluene, trichloroethylene, diethylamine, chloroform, triethylamine, methylene, chloride, tetra-hydrofuran, l,4 dioxane, pyridine, 2 propanol, acetone, ethanol, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and water. Reprinted with permission from Grosjean. ... 

PVAc has a specific gravity of 1.2 and an index of refraction of 1.47. It has a solubility parameter of 9.5 H and is soluble in liquids with similar solubility parameter values, such as benzene, chloroform, and acetone ... 

These products are produced by the reaction of partially hydrolyzed PVAc with aldehydes. The acetal rings on these random amorphous polymer chains restrict flexibility and increase the heat deflection temperature to a value higher than that of PVAc. The heat deflection temperature of polyvinyl formal is about 90 C and is dependent on the specific composition of this complex polymer. Because of the presence of residual hydroxyl groups, commercial polyvinyl formal has a water absorption of about 1%. Polyvinyl formal has a Tg of 10S . It has a solubility parameter of about 10 H and is soluble in solvents with similar solubility parameters, such as acetone. 

As shown in Figure 2, the rate of the heterogeneous copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride in benzene (8 = 9.2) is faster than the homogeneous copolymerization of these monomers in acetone (8 = 9.9). However, this rate decreases as the solubility parameter values of the solvents decrease in heterogeneous systems. Thus, the rate of copolymerization decreases progressively in xylene (8 = 8.8), cumene (8 = 8.5), methyl isobutyl ketone (8 = 8.4), and p-cymene (8 — 8.2). All of these rates were faster than those observed in homogeneous systems. The solubility parameter of the alternating styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer was 8 = 11.0. 

Based on the ranking of solubility parameter differences, A8, ethanol would be the most soluble followed by acetone and then ethyl acetate. This is what we would expect based on the complete miscibility of ethanol in water. 

To illustrate the use and interpretation of solubility parameters, let us examine three cases. First, the alkyl germanes, which are nonpolar and are not associated in the liquid phase, show a regular, slight increase in 8 as the molecular masses, and hence the London forces, increase (see Table 3.11). This series represents one where all of the molecules interact by the same type of force with no tendency to dimerize. Second, the 8 values for ethanol and acetone, both of which have empirical formulas C2H60, are 26.6 and 20.0 J1/2 cm 3/2, respectively. The high value for the ethanol reflects intermolecular hydrogen bonding, whereas acetone molecules interact only by weaker dipole-dipole and London forces. 

In another study Slobodian et al. (57) found that the percolation threshold for electrical conductivity of MWCNT-PMMA composites depends on the solvent used. The lowest percolation threshold was achieved for toluene where percolation was found to be at 4 wt% of MWCNT, for chloroform at 7 wt% and for acetone at 10 wt%. The highest conductivity was obtained at 20 wt% of MWCNT at values around 4x 10 5 Sc nr1 for composite prepared from toluene solution. They observed that the Hansen solubility parameters of individual solvent play an important role in the dispersion of MWCNT in PMMA. 

Slobodian et al. 2007(57) MWCNT Sun Nanotech Co. Ltd. Purified Solvent Casting Followed by compression molding CNT loading levels 2 to 20 wt% Bulk Composites Percolation threshold Solvent Percolation MWCNT Hansen solubility parameters were used as a guide to characterize percolation thresholds ... 

As the data in Table 4.3 show, the solubility parameter reflects how a chemist might rank these solvents in terms of polarity, e.g. water as the most polar (highest 5) and hexane as the least polar (lowest 8) but also one of the difficulties with this measurement of polarity is highlighted. The solubility parameter suggests that tetrahydrofuran (THE) and carbon tetrachloride are very similar even though carbon tetrachloride is immiscible with water whilst THE is miscible with water in all proportions. A similar comparison may be made between chloroform (8 = 19.1, water-immiscible) and acetone (8 = 20.2, water-miscible). 

The static mode uses both organic solvents such as toluene [27], methanol [28] or acetone [29] and solvent mixtures (usually in a 1 1 ratio) including dichloromethane-acetone [20,28], acetone-hexane [30,31], heptane-acetone [31], acetone-isohexane [32] or methanol-water [33], The use of mixed solvents as extractants provides improved extraction in terms of expeditiousness and recovery [20,28,30-35] as a result of the solubility parameter for a binary mixture being roughly proportional volumewise to the parameters of its components [36], Thus, in the extraction of Irganox 1010 from polypropylene, the addition of 20% of cyclohexane to 2-propanol doubles the extraction... 

Frank et aL reported examples of quickly screening solvents for organic solids. In one particular example, solubilities of aspirin in four different solvents (acetone, ethanol, chloroform, and cyclohexane) were used to regress the Hansen solubility parameters for the solute, aspirin. Once the Hansen solubility parameters are identified for aspirin, Frank et al. showed that one could quickly estimate the solubilities of aspirin in any solvent or solvent mixture as long as the Hansen solubility parameters are also available for the solvents. 

Elliott and Lira show that ajb 8, where d is the solubility parameter. For large molecules, the solubility parameter varies little with respect to molecular weight. Thus, increases in C correspond primarily to increases in cohesive energy density, not molecular size. Taking pentane as an example of component 1, we can estimate ( from solubility parameters to be 0.16, 0.27, 0.33, 0.40, 0.52, 0.62, 0.84 for cyclohexane, benzene, acetone, n-hexanol, ethanol, methanol, and water. This provides an idea of the range of chemical functionalities addressed in Fig. 4. 

Being an amorphous polymer with a solubility parameter of 19.4 MPa, it dissolves in solvents with similar solubility parameters (e.g. benzene 8 = 18.8 MPa, chloroform 8 = 19.0MPa, and acetone 8 = 20.4 MPa. ... 

A pump capable of several thousand p.s.i. commonly is used. Not only is the pump needed to maintain supercritical conditions, but the solubilizing power of the system varies greatly with pressure, usually dissolving more solutes as the pressure increases. For example, COj at 1.23 g/em will dissolve eompounds with Hildebrand s solubility parameter (Chapter 41, p. 479) from 7-10, about the same as benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride, toluene, ethyl ether, and pentane. If the pressure is reduced so that the COj is about 0.9 g/cm then it will dissolve compounds with parameters from 7-9 (solvents like cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride, toluene, ethyl ether, and pentane) and if further lowered to 0.6 g/cm, it will dissolve only compounds with parameters of 7-8 (ethyl ether and pentane). 

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