Acetobacter xylinus

As Acetobacter xylinus can be fermented in liquid culture, other polymers can be added to the fermentation system to simulate in a controlled way the effects of individual polymers on plant wall assembly. Some of the principles that have emerged for hemicelluloses are ... 

Figure 2 Schematic representation of cellulose synthesis from Acetobacter xylinus (not to scale). Microfibrils of cellulose are secreted into the fermentation medium via terminal complex transmembrane synthetic sites. In the extracellular medium, a number of elementary microfibrils coalesce to form a flat, twisting and highly persistent ribbon of cellulose. The presence of polysaccharides in the fermentation medium allows interactions to occur both before and after the assembly of microfibrils into ribbons. The right angle bend at the point of ribbon assembly is purely schematic...

In particularly pure form and high crystallinity, cellulose is synthesized by certain bacteria (e.g. Acetobacter xylinus) and occurs in certain algae (e.g. Valonia ventricosa). These sources are important for basic research and are not used to produce thermoplastic cellulose material. 

Kimura S., Chen H. P., Saxena I.M., Brown, Jr. R.M., and Itoh T. 2001. Localization of c-di-GMP-binding protein with the linear terminal complexes of Acetobacter xylinus. J Bacteriol 183 5668 5674. 

Lin F.C., Brown, Jr. R.M., Drake R.P., Jr., and Haley B.E. 1990. Identification of the uridine 5 -diphosphoglucose (UDP-glc) binding subunit of cellulose synthase in Acetobacter xylinus using the photoaffinity probe 5-azido-UDP-glc. J Biol Chem 265 4782- 784. 

Ross R., Weinhouse H., Aloni Y, Michael D., Weinberger-Ohana P., Mayer R., Braun S., de Vroom E., van der Marel G.A., van Boom J.H., and Benziman M. 1987. Regulation of cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter xylinus by cyclic diguanylic acid. Nature 325 279-281. 

Saxena I.M., Kudlicka K., Okuda K., and Brown, Jr. R.M. 1994. Characterization of genes in the cellulose synthesizing operon (acs operon) of Acetobacter xylinus Implications for cellulose crystallization. J Bacteriology 176 5735-5752. 

Synonyms Acetobacter xylinus (Brown 1886) Yamada 1984 Gluconace-tobacter xylinus (Brown 1886) Yamada, Hoshino and Ishikawa 1998 Bacterium xylinum Brown 1886. 

Basonym Acetobacter xylinus subsp. sucrofermentans Toyosaki, Kojima, Tsuchida, Hoshino, Yamada and Yoshinaga 1996. 

Yamada Y (19S3) Acetobacter xylinus sp. nov.,nom. rev., for the cellnlose-forming and celluloseless, acetate-oxidizing acetic acid bacteia with the Q-10 system. J Gen Appl Microbiol 29 ... 

F. Hong and K. Qiu. An alternative carbon source from konjac powder for enhancing production of bacterial cellulose in static cultures by a model strain Acetobacter aceti subsp. xylinus ATCC 23770. Carbohydr. Polym. 72, 545-549 (2008). 

The authors developed a unique form of i-glucan association, nematic ordered cellulose (NOC) that is molecularly ordered, yet noncrystalline. NOC has unique characteristics in particular, its surface properties provide with a function of tracks or scaffolds for regulated movements and fiber production of Acetobacter xylinum (=Gluconacetobacter xylinus), which produces cellulose ribbon-like nanofibers with 40-60 nm in width and moves due to the inverse force of the secretion of the fibers (Kondo et al. 2002). This review attempts to reveal the exclusive superstructure-property relationship in order to extend the usage of this nematic-ordered cellulose film as a functional template. In addition, this describes the other carbohydrate polymers with a variety of hierarchical nematic-ordered states at various scales, the so-called nano/micro hierarchical structures, which would allow development of new functional-ordered scaffolds. 

Basonym Acetobacter aceti subsp. xylinus coirig. (Brown 1886) De Ley and Frateur 1974. 

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