Accumulation of cadmium

Shukla, O.P., Dubey, S., and Rai, U.N., Preferential accumulation of cadmium and chromium Toxicity in Bacopa monnieri L. under mixed metal treatments, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 78, 252-257, 2007. 

Accumulation of cadmium in agricultural soils leads to increased cadmium uptake by crops and vegetables, grown for human consumption.17... 

Ferard, J.F., J.M. Jouany, R. Truhaut, and P. Vasseur. 1983. Accumulation of cadmium in a freshwater food chain experimental model. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 7 43-52. 

Hogstad, O. 1996. Accumulation of cadmium, copper and zinc in the fiver of some passerine species wintering in central Norway. Sci. Total Environ. 183 187-194. 

Pedersen, H.C. and I. Myklebust. 1993. Age-dependent accumulation of cadmium and zinc in the liver and kidneys of Norwegian willow ptarmigan. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 51 381-388. 

Ray, S., D. McLeese, and D. Pezzack. 1980. Accumulation of cadmium by Nereis virens. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9 1-8. 

Kuiters, A.T. 1996. Accumulation of cadmium and lead in red deer and wild boar at the Veluwe, the Netherlands. Veterin. Quar. 18 (Suppl. 3) S134-S135... 

Chang, A.C., A.L. Page, J.E. Wameke, M.R. Resketo, and T.E. Jones. 1983. Accumulation of cadmium and zinc in barley grown on sludge-treated soils a long-term field study. Jour. Environ. Qual. 12 391-397. 

Bjerragaard, P. 1982. Accumulation of cadmium and selenium and their mutual interaction in the shore crab Carcinus maenus (L.). Aquat. Toxicol. 2 113-125. 

Kidney. Since the kidneys receive 20 to 25% of the cardiac output, they will be exposed to a relatively large amount of any systemically administered drug. The kidney also contains a protein, metallothionein, that has a high affinity for metals. This protein is responsible for the renal accumulation of cadmium, lead, and mercury. 

Dongmann, G. and H.W. Numberg. 1982. Observations with Thalassiosira rotula (Menier) on the toxicity and accumulation of cadmium and nickel. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 6 535-544. 

Chronic effects are of particular concern because cadmium is very slowly excreted from the body, with a half-life of about 30 years. Thus low levels of exposure can result in considerable accumulation of cadmium. The main organ of damage following long-term exposure is the kidney, with the proximal tubules being the primary site of... 

A variety of elements have been measured in fish tissue to determine the cause of fish kills and to assess water quality. Slurry samples were introduced into the ICP by using electrothermal vaporization in one report [254] with isotope dilution based determination of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb. Sample preparation was simplified by using slurries rather than complete dissolution. Electrothermal vaporization can be used to reduce spectral overlaps due to molecular ions that contain oxygen. The sample can be dried in the furnace before vaporization of the analytes. The time-dependent vaporization can also be used to reduce some matrix effects. Isotope dilution improves precision and accuracy of the analysis. The uptake and organ-dependent accumulation of cadmium in carp have also been investigated by ICP-MS analysis [255]. 

Steen Redeker E, Bervoets L, Blust R. 2004. Dynamic model for the accumulation of cadmium and zinc from water and sediment by the aquatic oligochaete, Tubifex tubifex. Environ Sci Technol 38 6193-6200. 

George, S.G. and Coombs, T.L. The effects of chelating agents on the uptake and accumulation of cadmium by Mytilus edulis, Mar. Biol. 261-268 (1977). 

Cadmium levels in blood are generally recognised as a biomarker of recent exposure to cadmium. It can also be used as biomarker of cumulative internal dose and accumulation of cadmium, buf only when fhere is long-term (decade long) continuous exposure, for example in subsistence farmers consuming their own crops. Cadmium levels in urine are a widely recognised biomarker of cumulative internal dose, kidney and body burden of Cd. Dose-response relationships between urinary Cd and occurrence of kidney effects are described in the subsequent sections of this chapter "Sweden", "Japan", "Belgium", and "Other countries". 

Toxicity due to insufficient MTs depends on factors such as age, gender, and health status. Young mice were found to have a fourfold greater accumulation of cadmium in their brains than adult mice, and significantly less metallothionein. Because cadmium interacts with calcium, women may lose cellular calcium. Diabetics experience glomeral damage and greater sensitivity. 

Another example is cadmium, a highly toxic heavy metal. Once absorbed, cadmium in the body is mainly bound to the protein metallothionein. This protein is involved in the transport and selective storage of cadmium. A rather selective accumulation of cadmium occurs in the kidneys, leading to eventual tubular dysfunction with proteinuria (Friberg et al. 1974). 

Yannai S, Sachs KM. 1993. Absorption and accumulation of cadmium, lead and mercury from foods by rats. Food Chem Toxicol 31(5) 351-355. 

Kidney damage is a delayed effect even after single doses, being due to the accumulation of cadmium in the kidney, as a complex with the protein metallothionein. Metallothionein is a low molecular weight protein (6500 Da) containing about 30% cysteine, which is involved with the transport of metals, such as... 

In mineralized zones, particularly in regions of sulfidic lead-zinc mi neralizations, significant accumulations of cadmium takes place in the river sediments. The area around Coeur d Alfene River in Idaho, the Ten nessee River near Knoxville, and many rivers in Wales, Southeast England are examples of the lead-zinc mining effect. 

Jeeeery eh, Noseworthy R and Cherian MG (1989) Age dependent changes in metallothionein and accumulation of cadmium in horses. Comp Biochem Physiol 93C 327-332. 

The accumulation of cadmium was gender dependent. Content of lead was more variable and was the highest always in insects from Sosnowiec, with higher levels in the midgut of males (Table 2). The level of lead in ovaries and testes was also extremely high. 

Baker JR, Edwards R, aker JM, Moore MR, Sata-rug S (2005) Renal and hepatic accumulation of cadmium and lead in the expression of CYP4F2 and CYP2E1. Toxicol Lett 159 182-191... 

Taylor, MD. (1997). Accumulation of Cadmium derived from fertilizers inNew Zealand soils. Science of Total Environment, 208 123-126. 

The gravity of cadmium-induced renal damage is compounded by the fact there is no medical treatment to prevent or reduce the accumulation of cadmium in the kidney (Ex. 8-619). Dr. Friberg, a leading world expert on cadmium toxicity, indicated in 1992, that there is no form of chelating agent that could be used without substantial risk. He stated that tubular proteinuria has to be treated in the same way as other kidney disorders (Ex. 29). 

The continuai accumulation of cadmium is the basis for its chronic noncarcinogenic toxicity. This accumulation makes the kidney the target organ in which cadmium toxicity usually is first observed (Piscator 1964). Renal damage may occur when cadmium levels in the kidney cortex approach 200 pg/g wet tissue-weight (Travis and Haddock 1980). 

---