Accidental properties

It is usual in physics and chemistry to speak of the state of a given body, and we may perhaps define the term by saying that two bodies are in the same state when they are identical except as regards accidental properties such as shape, position, and size. The independence of state on the size implies that when we have defined the state for unit mass, we have fixed it for any mass. If we abstract these unessentials we are left with the concept of a substance (cl. H. M., Introduction). What properties of two portions of a substance must agree in order that they shall be identical, i.e., in the same state In the case of a fluid, the following properties of unit mass must be identical ... 

Clairaut s equation introduces a new idea. Hitherto we have assumed that whenever a function of x and y satisfies an equation, that function, plus an arbitrary constant, represents the complete or general solution. We now find that a function of x and y can sometimes be found to satisfy the given equation, which, unlike the particular solution, is not included in the general solution. This function must be considered a solution, because it satisfies the given equation. But the existence of such a solution is quite an accidental property confined to special equations, hence their cognomen, singular solutions. Take the equation dy a a... 

Seen from the point of view of the chemist, metallicity may seem a somewhat accidental property. Thus, stoichiometric compounds exist which are metallic, though they have almost the same unit ceU parameters as semi-conducting analogous compounds formed by neighbotu elements. 

One of the three major ontcomes of a contact is property damage. Accidental property damage is damage cansed by an accident, which does not result in injury or business disruption. Many safety programs do not call for the reporting or investigation of these damage accidents, which in most cases also have potential to cause injury to employees under different circnmstances. 

If the answer to each of these questions is Yes, the cost should be classified as accidental property damage. 

It is apparent from items (l)-(3) above that linear copolymers-even those with the same proportions of different kinds of repeat units-can be very different in structure and properties. In classifying a copolymer as random, alternating, or block, it should be realized that we are describing the average character of the molecule accidental variations from the basic patterns may be present. In Chap. 7 we shall see how an experimental investigation of the sequence of repeat units in a copolymer is a valuable tool for understanding copolymerization reactions. This type of information along with other details of structure are collectively known as the microstructure of a polymer. 

In 1991 a remarkable discovery was made, accidentally, with a Tp -sapphire laser pumped with an Ar+ laser. Whereas we would expect this to result in CW laser action, when a sharp jolt was given to the table supporting the laser, mode locking (Section 9.1.5) occurred. This is known as self-locking of modes, and we shall not discuss further the reasons for this and how it can be controlled. One very important property of the resulting pulses is that they are very short. Pulse widths of a few tens of femtoseconds can be produced routinely and with high pulse-to-pulse stability. Further modification to the laser can... 

Ha2ard is the likelihood that the known toxicity of a material will be exhibited under specific conditions of use. It follows that the toxicity of a material, ie, its potential to produce injury, is but one of many considerations to be taken into account in assessment procedures with respect to defining ha2ard. The following are equally important factors that need to be considered physicochemical properties of the material use pattern of the material and characteristics of the environment where the material is handled source of exposure, normal and accidental control measures used to regulate exposure the duration, magnitude, and frequency of exposure route of exposure and physical nature of exposure conditions, eg, gas, aerosol, or Hquid population exposed and variabiUty in exposure conditions and experience with exposed human populations. 

Mitigation The lessening of die risk of an accidental event. A sequence of action on the source in a preventive manner by reducing the likelihood of occurrence of the event, or in a protective manner by reducing the magnitude of the event and for the exposure of local persons or property. 

Tlie remainder of tliis cliapter provides information on relative physical properties of materials (flash points, upper and lower explosive limits, tlireshold limit values, etc.) and metliods to calculate tlie conditions tliat approach or are conducive to liazardous levels. Fire liazards in industrial plants are covered in Sections 7.2 and 7.3, and Sections 7.4 and 7.5 focus on accidental explosions. Sections 7.6 and 7.7 address toxic emissions and liazardous spills respectively. tliese latter types of accident frequently result in fires and explosions tliey can cause deatlis, serious injuries and financial losses. 

Risk analysis is an assessment of the likelihood (probability) of an accidental release of a hazardous material and tlie actual consequences tliat might occur, based on tlie estimated vulnerable zones. It provides an estimation of tlie likelihood (probability) of an accidental release, tlie severity of consequences of human injuiy that may occur, the severity of consequences on critical facilities, tlie severity of consequences of damage to property, and the severity of consequences of damage to tlie enviromiient. 

This is another property for which it is very difficult to obtain a reliable figure. In general, ceramic materials are not very resistant to impact and should be guarded to prevent breakage by accidental blows. 

Structure determination of luciferin. Once a luciferin is obtained in a sufficient purity, the determination of luciferin structure should be attempted most of the important properties of luciferin are usually already obtained during the course of purification as a necessity. The structural study is considerably more straightforward than the extraction and purification, due to the availability of advanced methods, such as high-resolution mass spectrometry and various NMR techniques. If help or collaboration is needed in structure determination, the attractiveness of a luciferin will make it easy to find a good collaborator. However, the purified luciferin is usually an extremely precious material considering the effort spent in preparing it. To avoid accidental loss of the purified material, the chosen collaborator must have solid knowledge and experience in structure determination a criterion to be considered is that the person has successfully done the structure determination of at least one new natural product. 

The presence of small amounts of dissolved polymer can alter sizably the aerosol particle dimensions when the solutions are sprayed. This antimisting property has received special attention in an effort to develop additives for jet fuel to prevent accidental ignition following crash landing. As in drag reduction, the polymer... 

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