Accelerators Universal Linear Accelerator

Hassium — (named for the German state, Hesse) Hs at. wt. [277] at. no. 108. This element was first synthesized and identified in 1964 by the same G.S.I. Darmstadt Group who first identified Bohrium and Meitnerium. Presumably this element has chemical properties similar to osmium. Isotope 108 was produced using a beam of Fe projectiles, produced by the Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) to bombard a Pb target. Discovery oiBohrium Bind Meitnerium was made using detection of isotopes with odd proton and neutron numbers. 

Fermilab, where groundbreaking for its first linear accelerator began in December 1968, is the premier high energy physics facility in the world. Its mission is to advance the understanding of the fundamental nature of matter and energy. Universities Research Association Inc., a consortium of eighty-six research... 

The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, administered by Stanford University, was founded in 1962 as a center for experimental particle physics, but it took until 1966 for its first linear accelerator to be completed. The Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratoiy, built a decade later, became part of SLAC in 1992. Unlike many of other national laboratories that greatly expanded their mission through the years, SLAC always remained a national basic energy research laboratoiy. 

Acknowledgement We are deeply indebted to Mr. Tadao Takada and Mrs. Sachiko Tojo who have contributed to the experiment. We also thank the members of the Radiation Laboratory of SANKEN, Osaka University, for running the linear accelerator. This work has been partly supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sport and Culture of Japan. 

Pulse radiolysis was performed using e from a linear accelerator at Osaka University [42 8]. The e has an energy of 28 MeV, single-pulse width of 8 nsec, dose of 0.7 kGy, and a diameter of 0.4 cm. The probe beam for the transient absorption measurement was obtained from a 450-W Xe lamp, sent into the sample solution with a perpendicular intersection of the electron beam, and focused to a monochromator. The output of the monochromator was monitored by a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The signal from the PMT was recorded on a transient digitizer. The temperature of the sample solution was controlled by circulating thermostated aqueous ethanol around the quartz sample cell. Sample solution of M (5 x 10 -10 M) was prepared in a 1 x 1 cm rectangular Suprasil cell. 

In 1957 a group of scientists at the Argonne Laboratory, the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, England, and the Nobel Institute for Physics in Stockholm announced the isolation of element 102 (103). They proposed the name nobelium for this element. However, workers at the University of California Radiation Laboratory could not confirm this claim (104), but did identify the isotope 102254 which they obtained by bombardment of Cm246 with C12 ions in the linear accelerator. They did not immediately propose a name to replace the name nobelium (105). 

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, CA 94309, USA... 

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the nanosecond pulse radiolysis system using the Hokkaido University 45 MeV electron linear accelerator...

Perkin Elmer MPF-3 spectrofluorometer. X- and Q-band measurements of EPR spectra were carried out at liquid nitrogen and liquid helium temperatures. Microcalorimetric measurements were performed on a LKB 10700 batch microcalorimeter. Temperature-jump relaxation kinetics were measured using a double beam instrument (18) with a cell adapted for anaerobic work. The relaxation signals were fed into an H.P. 2100 computer and analyzed as described in Ref. 7. The pulse radiolysis exepriments were carried out on the 5-MeV linear accelerator at the Hebrew University. Details of the system have been published previously (19). 

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, CA 94309, USA Institut fiir Theoretische Teilchenphysik, Universitat Karlsruhe, D-76128, Karlsruhe, Germany... 

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