Linear acceleration

For liquid-liquid separations, the basic Newton-Raphson iteration for a is converged for equilibrium ratios (K ) determined at the previous composition estimate. (It helps, and costs very little, to converge this iteration quite tightly.) Then, using new compositions from this converged inner iteration loop, new values for equilibrium ratios are obtained. This procedure is applied directly for the first three iterations of composition. If convergence has not occurred after three iterations, the mole fractions of all components in both phases are accelerated linearly with the deviation function... 

With TOF, the ions from an ion source are accelerated linearly down a chamber containing an electrical field. The flight chamber is at very low pressure that facilitates the flight of the peptide ions with minimal collisions with other molecules. The ions travel in a linear trajectory until they impact a detector at the other end of the tube. The heavier ions travel more slowly than the lower molecular weight ions and reach the detector later. Hence, TOF analyzers derive their name from the concept that the time of flight of an ion is related to its m/z ratio and velocity within a fixed distance. Linear mode TOF analyzers contain single chambers and are not favored for proteomics applications because of their lower mass accuracy. 

For both plots the agreement between model and experiment is very good given the simplicity of the model. The present results suggest that the IVR-acceleration linearly scales with the average number of solvent molecules present in the first solvation shell. Since the... 

Almost all the work in pulse radiolysis is based on the use of three types of electron accelerators linear accelerators (linacs). Van de Graaff accelerators, and Febetrons. The first accelerator used by Keene at Manchester was a 4-MeV linac with pulses of 0.2-2 ps duration [47a] this was replaced in 1967 with an 8-12-MeV linac capable of delivering pulses from 5 ns to 5 ps duration [93]. Further improvements made to the Manchester system up to 1989 have been documented [93]. Similarly, the 13-MeV linac used at Argonne in 1960 by Matheson and Dorfman produced pulses of 0.4 to 5 ps duration [46], whereas in 1989 the equipment comprised a 20-MeV linac, capable of producing pulses from 25 ps to 10 ps duration, and a 3-MeV Van de Graaff accelerator, which is dedicated to EPR and magnetic resonance studies (see below) [95, 98]. 

Estrogens affect calcium homeostasis and have a beneficial effect on bone mass. They decrease bone resorption, and in prepubertal girls estrogen accelerates linear bone growth and results in epiphyseal closure.Long-term estrogen depletion is associated with loss of bone mineral content, an increase in stress fractures, and postmenopausal osteoporosis. ... 

Equation 2.19 shows that ions of different mJz values will follow, after acceleration, linear pathways with different speeds. In other words, the mJz values are inversely related to the squared speed. 

Hyperthyroidism occurs much less commonly in children than hypothyroidism, but it is a far more virulent condition (Takashima et al., 1995 Wilkins, 1965). In children, the most common cause of childhood thyrotoxicosis is Graves disease, which is characterized by diffuse goiter, hyperthyroidism, and occasionally ophthalmopathy (Rivkees et aL, 1998 Fisher, 1994 Zimmerman and Lteif, 1998 LeFranchi andMandel, 1995). Untreated, hyperthyroidism is associated with excessive activity, tremor, tachycardia, flushing, palpitations, accelerated linear growth, weight loss, impaired skeletal mineralization and poor performance at school (Rivkees et al., 1998 Fisher, 1994 Zimmerman and Lteif, 1998 LeFranchi and Mandel, 1995). 

Acceleration (linear) meter per second m/s Radiant intensity watt per steradian W/sr... 

In column RPC (Figure 14), there is no vapor space (75). The stationary phase is placed in a closed circular chamber (column), and the flow is accelerated linearly by centrifugal force. The volume of stationary phase remains constant along the separation distance, hence the name column RPC. Since it is a closed system, there is no vapor space and any stationary phase of fine particle size may be used with or without binder. The rotating planar column has a special geometric design, which may be described by the function ... 

Whereas the importance of the various modes of development is well known for analytical TLC, linear development is the only method widely used for preparative CPLC. Remarkably this is also the only development mode reported for preparative OPLC. In contrast, until now all RPC separations have been performed in the circular development mode. A new possibility in RPC is the planar column (75), where in contrast to the centrifugal force, the flow is accelerated linearly, giving linear development. The advantage of anticircular CPLC was clearly demonstrated by Traitler and Studer (37), and the applicability of this development mode has also been reported for on-line RPC. As already mentioned, anticircular and circular development are also possible for on-line OPLC separations using separation distances of 20 or 40 cm (12,81). 

According to the WLF equation, the rate of which in our example water crystallizes in ice cream at temperatures slightly above Tg rises exponentially (Fig. 0.7). If the Arrhenius equation were to be valid, crystallization would accelerate linearly at a considerably slower rate after exceeding Tg (Fig. 0.7). 

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