Absorption layer

When substances adsorbed on aerosol particles are to be determined, the gas is passed through a membrane or other filter and the filter is dissolved in or extracted with a suitable solution. An interesting method is used for determination of fluoride adsorbed on atmospheric aerosols [87]. The particles are trapped on a filter impregnated with citric acid and heated to 80 °C, while the fluorides pass through and are absorbed in a thin layer of sodium carbonate in a spiral absorber. The sodium carbonate is periodically washed with a sodium citrate solution, in which solution the fluoride is then determined, and the absorption layer regenerated. 

Without an impermeable wall behind a biofilm, carbon-containing pollutants would be absorbed. If the pollutant load varies from time to time, the wall could serve as a reservoir for excess pollutants. When the load is smaller, diffusion out to the layer could maintain a viable colony. Also, if low molecular nutrients (micronutrients, for example) are added artificially, they can be stored in the absorptive layer and released on demand. 

While the intensity anomaly alone(item 1 above) can be due to our poor understanding of atmospheric structure and/or of line formation in the upper atmosphere, peculiar line shift and line asymmetry(item 2) as well as differential time variation note above(item 3) suggest that at least a part of low excitation lines should be originating not in the photosphere but in an extra layer well separated from the photosphere. We tentatively refer this separate extra layer as CO absorption layer (the "layer" does not necessarily imply that it is well stratified but rather it can also be an inhomogeneous component in outer atmosphere, and the "layer" is used in this extended meaning in what follows). 

Now, the problem is how could we separate the contribution by the CO absorption layer from the stronger photospheric component. For this purpose, we compared the observed profiles with predicted ones based on model atmospheres and found appreciable residual absorption for low excitation lines while no residual for high excitation lines. Then, the contribution by the CO absorption layer has been separated by subtracting the photospheric contribution from the observed profile,in low excitation CO lines. A detailed analysis on separated excess CO absorption gives the results as follow( as for detail, see Tsuji,1987b) ... 

Excess CO absorption can be seen not only in 2-0 band but also in 3-1 band, and excitation temperatures of the CO absorption layer are between 1000 and 2000K. 

Turbulent velocities in the CO absorption layer are larger than 5 km/s in red giants and larger than lOkm/s in red supergiants. 

The movement of the CO absorption layer relative to to the photosphere is very small, either positive or negative, but it show expansion of a few km/s against the central star for the cases of known stellar velocity( by thermal radio lines). 

The physical parameters of the CO absorption layer in red (super)giant stars are very similar to those of the stationary layer of Mira variable star X Cyg mentioned above(Hinkle,Hall,Ridgway,1982). Thus,the presence of a separated stationary CO layer may be not restricted to Mira variable stars, but rather it may be a basic characteristics of red giant and supergiant stars in general. 

Fig. 19 PDLC-SLM. LC liquid crystal droplet M dielectric mirror A light absorption layer BSO photoconductive layer O optical cement PW writing beam PR reading beam.

The structure of JP-A-63043366, discussed above, is further improved in GB-A-2229036. An absorption layer is combined with n-type photodiode regions which penetrate through a p-type layer. 

The amount of cross-talk is reduced in JP-A-4313267. Individual detector elements are separated by grooves in which an absorption layer of HgCdTe is formed. 

FIGURE 5 Inhomogeneous generation of the optical gain due to the inhomogeneous carrier injection. The two n-side wells will act as absorptive layers. 

The first relaxation process, which is observed in the low-temperature region from — 100°C to +10° C is due to the reorientation of the water molecules in ice-like water cluster structures. It was shown that the hindered dynamics of the water molecules located within the pores reflects the interaction of the absorptive layer with the inner surfaces of the porous matrix [153,155]. 

A complete tangential immobility of foam films absorption layers can be expected to occur at a border radius... 

The effect of foam film type on foam stability can be studied from the tp(Apo) dependences in a wide range of pressure drops, as mentioned above, as well as from the Yl(h) dependences (disjoining pressure isotherms) for single foam films having radii close to those of films in the foam [45,46]. Fig. 7.6 depicts the Tp(Ap0) dependence of foams obtained from NaDoS aqueous solutions with different electrolyte (NaCl) concentrations, i.e. the foams are built up of different types of foam films. The surfactant concentration used in all experiments ensured maximum saturation of absorption layer. All three curves have different courses, corresponding to different film types thin films (curve 1), CBF (curve 2) and NBF (curve 3). On increasing Ap0, the foam lifetime strongly decreases compared with the time for decay in... 

A substrate is coated with a thin, highly absorptive layer to absorb the ink droplets being ejected from the print head. The principle of the technology is presented in Fig. 4. 

The "Inkjet Substrate" approach to enhancing print quality was characterized by a thin, highly absorptive layer, which physically absorbs... 

The major drawback of this technology is that it requires the application of an extra layer on top of the substrate. This makes the printing process more comphcated and will require either an extra coating step (when done off the inkjet printer) or a proper application tool in-line with the printer itself. Using bi-component ink, no matter which of the approaches is taken, it will stiU require drying of the ink vehicle — the water and solvent — before the ink is dry. Full drying is not required when using the absorptive layers. 

Mucous Surface. The mucosa of the small intestine consists of three layers (Fig. 2) an absorptive layer, a continuous single sheet of columnar epithelium the lamina propria, a layer heterogeneous in composition and cell type and the muscularis mucosa, a muscular layer separating the mucosa and submucosa. 

Emmerson and Anderson give Rf values for thirteen solvent systems. The use of slightly alkaline absorption layers and ammonium saturated developing chambers is discussed in detail. The slight alkalinity facilitates spot movement on the plates. An iodoplatinate spray was used to locate the spots. For true quantitative results the spots should be removed and the propoxyphene hydrochloride determined by UV or other instrumental methods7. 

To obtain monochromatic Ka, a filter system is necessary to filter out the continuous X-rays and other characteristic X-rays, which are not generated with Ka from the X-ray tube. X-ray filters can be made from material that strongly absorbs X-rays other than Ka. Generally, materials exhibit various abilities to absorb X-rays. X-ray absorption by materials is a function of the linear absorption coefficient (fi) and mass density (p). The X-ray intensity (/) passing through an absorption layer with thickness x is expressed by the following equation. 

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