Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

The present volume of the series Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry focuses on the impact of pharmacokinetics and metabolism in Drug Design. Pharmacokinetics is the study of the kinetics of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs and their pharmacologic, therapeutic, or toxic response in animals and man. 

Adamson RH, Davies DS. Comparative aspects of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. International Encyclopaedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Section 85 (Comparative Pharmacology). Oxford Pergamon Press, 1973 851. 

Pharmacokinetics The field of study concerned with defining, through measurement or modeling, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs or other xenobiotics in a biological system as a function of time. 

ADAMSON, R.H. and DAVIES, D.S. (1973) Comparative aspects of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. In International Encyclopaedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Section 85 (Comparative Pharmacology), p. 851 (Oxford Pergamon Press). ALBERTS, B., BRAY, D., LEWIS, J., RAFF, M. ROBERTS, K. and WATSON, J.D. (1994) Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3rd edition (New York Garland Publishing). 

The overall objective of clinical trials is to establish a drug therapy that is safe and effective in humans, to the extent that the risk-benefit relationship is acceptable. The ICH process has developed an internationally accepted definition of a clinical trial as Any investigation in human subjects intended to discover or verify the clinical, pharmacological and/or other pharmacodynamic effects of one or more investigational medicinal product(s), and/or to identify any adverse reactions to one or more investigational medicinal product(s) and/or to study absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of one or more investigational medicinal product(s) with the object of ascertaining its (their) safety and/or efficacy. ... 

Pharmacokinetic, which occur at the level of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of one drug by another. 

Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body affects an administered drug. It measures the kinetic relationships between the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug. To be a safe and effective drug product, the drug must reach the desired si te of therapentic activity and exist there for the desired time period in the concentration needed to achieve the desired effect. Too little of the drug at such sites yields no positive effect (MTC) leads to toxicity. For intravenous administration there is no absorption factor. Total body elimination includes both metabolic processing and excretion. 

CAMs are often safe and are not typically associated with severe adverse effects when taken as recommended by reasonably healthy persons.20 CAMs, however, can interact with conventional medications, and directly increase or decrease these medications effects.35 Moreover, CAMs often influence the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of conventional medications.11 37 In particular, CAMs can stimulate the liver to synthesize more drug-metabolizing enzymes, a process known as enzyme induction (the phenomenon of enzyme induction is addressed in Chapter 3).80 Dur-... 

Eriksson UG, Bredberg U, Hoffmann KJ, et al, Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, in rats, dogs, and humans, Drug Metab Dispos 2003 3 1 294-305. 

Chemotherapy plays a prominent role in the clinical management of cancer. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of an anticancer drug are important parameters to determine when assessing its efficacy. In recent years it has become feasible to use NMR as an analytical technique in pharmacokinetic studies. 

Okuyama Y, Momota K, Morino A (1997) Pharmacokinetics of Prulifloxacin. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 47 276-284 Webber C, Stokes CA, Persiani S et al. (2004) Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the cholecystokinin-1 antagonist dexloxiglumide in the dog. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 29 15-23... 

Pharmacokinetics (PK) The study of the processes of bodily absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of compounds and medicines. It can be thought of as the study of what the body does to a drug. See Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME). ... 

Subpart (a)—Pharmacology and Drug Disposition This section should describe the pharmacologic effects and mechanism(s) of action of the drug in animals and information on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the drug, if known. 

Any studies of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the drug in animals. 

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