A-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime

Sundwall, A. Minimum concentrations of A-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime methane suphonate (P2S) which reverse neuromuscular block, Biochem. Pharmacol., 8, 413, 1961. 

Heilbronn E (1963). In vitro reactivation and aging of tabun-inhibited blood cholinesterases studies with A-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime methane sulphonate and N, A -trimethylene bis(pyridinium-4-aldoxime) dibromide. Biochem Pharmacol, 12, 25-36. 

Enander I, Sundwall A and Sorbo B (1962). Metabolic studies on A/-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime - HI. Experiments with the 14C-labelled compound. Biochem Pharmacol, 11, 377-382. 

A -methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime methanesulphonate t Af,A -trimethylenebis(pyridinium-4-aldoxime) dichloride... 

The phosphorylation of the serine hydroxyl group of cholinesterase by organophosphorus compounds inhibits the activity of this enzyme [192]. This phosphorylation is reversible when the phosphoryl ester so formed is of the dialkoxy type, but becomes irreversible when dealkylation takes place. Wilson [15] found nycleophilic attack of the dialkyl phosphorylated enzyme with hydroxylamine to result in regeneration of the enzyme activity. It has been suggested that some oximes act initially by forming a complex with the phosphorylated enzyme [193-195]. Later work [196] showed the incorporation of a quaternary nitrogen into the nucleophilic molecule (for example A-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime salts 2-PAM P-2-S prali-... 

Enander, I., Sundwall, A., and Sorbo, B. Metabolic studies on N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime. II. The conversion to N-methyl-pyridinium-2-nitrile. Biochem. Pharmacol. 7 232-236, 1961. 

Berglund, F., Elwln, C.-E., Sundwall, A. 1962. Studies on the renal elimination of N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime. Blochem. Pharmacol. 11 383-388. 

Since organophosphate toxicosis results in respiratory failure, the treatment approach for must include the maintenance of a patent airway. Artificial respiration may also need to be employed. The first pharmacological approach is the administration of atropine. Atropine competes with acetylcholine for its receptor site, thus reducing the effects of the neurotransmitter. N-methylpyridinium 2-aldoxime (2-PAM) is used in with atropine therapy as an effective means to restore the covalently bound enzyme to a normal state. It reacts with the phosphorylated cholinesterase enzyme removing the phosphate group. As previously mentioned, carbamates interact with cholinesterase by weak, ionic bonding thus 2-PAM is of no use to combat toxicosis caused by these compounds. However, atropine is effective to prevent the effects on respiration. 

A soln. of dry HGl in methanol added to l-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime iodide, and coned, on a steam bath l-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime chloride. Y 88%. R. I. Ellin, Ind. Eng. Ghem., Prod. Res. Develop, 5(1), 20 (1964). 

Inasmuch as myositis was reported in the second paper as well as in the first,52 this response must be induced by the oximes and not by bacteria. The second paper showed that oral doses of 1 and TMB-4 CI2 induced the same sort of scar formation as II in the gastric mucosa, so that this response may be induced by either the oxlmlno group or the quaternary nitrogen atom. It would be informative in this regard to have the results of an experiment in which capsules of pyridine-2-aldoxime and of N-methylpyridinium chloride were administered in a similar fashion. 

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