A-bomb

Bomb Method the sample is burned in a bomb under oxygen pressures of 30 bar. The sulfur contained in the wash water is analyzed via gravimetry as barium sulfate. 

Measuring the gross heating value (mass) is done in the laboratory using the ASTM D 240 procedure by combustion of the fuel sample under an oxygen atmosphere, in a bomb calorimeter surrounded by water. The thermal effects are calculated from the rise in temperature of the surrounding medium and the thermal characteristics of the apparatus. 

Finally, the determination of the induction period (NF M 07-012) also reveals the potential of gum formation during storage. The fuei sampie is contained in a bomb filled with oxygen at 100°C, under a pressure of 7 bar and the oxygen pressure is monitored with time. The time corresponding to the first drop in pressure is noted, symptomatic of incipient oxidation. If no further events take place, the test is stopped after 960 minutes. This time corresponds thus to the maximum induction period. 

The strand burner is a bomb pressurized with an inert gas-to-rocket pressure and equipped with auxiUary apparatus consisting primarily of electrical... 

Organic selenium compounds and siUceous materials (rock, ore, concentrates) are fused with mixtures of sodium carbonate and various oxidants, eg, sodium peroxide, potassium nitrate, or potassium persulfate. For volatile compounds, this fusion is performed in a bomb or a closed system microwave digestion vessel. An oxidizing fusion usually converts selenium into Se(VI) rather than Se(IV). 

Tungsten oxydichlofide [13520-76-8], WO2CI2, a pale-yeUow crystalline soHd having an mp of 266°C, is soluble in cold water and in alkaline solution, although partly decomposed by hot water. It is prepared by the action of carbon tetrachloride on tungsten dioxide at 250°C in a bomb (13). 

Hydrides. Zirconium hydride [7704-99-6] in powder form was produced by the reduction of zirconium oxide with calcium hydride in a bomb reactor. However, the workup was hazardous and many fires and explosions occurred when the calcium oxide was dissolved with hydrochloric acid to recover the hydride powder. With the ready availabiHty of zirconium metal via the KroU process, zirconium hydride can be obtained by exothermic absorption of hydrogen by pure zirconium, usually highly porous sponge. The heat of formation is 167.4 J / mol (40 kcal/mol) hydrogen absorbed. 

Calorific Value. To determine calorific value, a sample is placed in a bomb, pressurized with oxygen, and ignited. The temperature rise in the water bath of the calorimeter surrounding the bomb is used to determine the calorific value (D2015, D3286, or D1989) (18). 

Leaf Tests A bomb filter is used for small-scale leaf tests to simulate the performance of pressure-leaf (leaf-in-shell) filters. The equipment used is a small [50.8- by 50.8-mm (2- by 2-in)] leaf, covered with appropriate filter medium, suspended in a cell large enough to contain sufficient shiny to form the desired cake (Fig. 18-108). The shiny may be agitated gently, for example, by an air sparger. 

Calorimetry - this is a direct method in which heating value is determined experimentally with a bomb calorimeter. Approximately 1 gram of material is burned in a sealed, submerged container. The heat of... 

A mixture of 2chloro5-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)+iypoxanthine (0.375 g) and methanol (80 ml) saturated with anhydrous ammonia was heated in a bomb at 125°C for 5 hours. The bomb was cooled in an ice bath and the reaction mixture removed. Solvent and excess ammonia were removed under reduced pressure at 50°C. After the residue was triturated with cold water to remove the ammonium chloride formed, the remaining solid was dried and then recrystallized from methanol to give pure 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine (0.24 g), MP 256.5°-257°C. 

Hydrolysis of D-(+)-1 (3-methoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane 2.42 mols (40 g) of the compound are dissolved In 8N hydrochloric acid in a bomb tube consisting of stainless steel and having a capacity of 500 ml. Hydrogen chloride gas is passed into the ice-cooled solution until this is saturated. The solution is then heated to 130°C for 2 hours in an air bath. After cooling and driving off the hydrochloric acid at a slightly elevated temperature, the hydrochloride of the 3-hydroxyphenyl derivative is present in the form of a yellowish syrup. 

Nuclear fission is also involved in nuclear weapons. To create a bomb, the concentration of the isotope uranium-235 must be increased to at least 85 percent from its natural concenti ation of only 0.7 percent. This increase ot concentration is difficult and expensive. In a typical nuclear reactor the uranium-235 concentration in the fuel is only 3 to 4 percent, and hence a nuclear reactor cannot explode like a bomb. In a nuclear bomb... 

When air in a room is disturbed by a person speaking the molecules of the air have movements that are along the path of the wave. If you were to draw a line from the speaker s mouth to your ear, the movement of the molecules would be along this line. This type of wave, called an acoustical wave, is said to be longitudinal. The pleasant sounds of music are produced by acoustical waves. On the other hand, destruction by a bomb blast also is caused by acoustical waves. Instead of oscillating up and down, molecules in the acoustical (or compression) wave bunch together as the wave passes. It is not a transverse wave. 

It is found that when 1.00 g of H2 is made to react completely with Cl2 in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature in the bomb (heat capacity = 9.33 kJ/°C) rises from 20.00°C to 29.82°C. How much heat is evolved by the reaction ... 

In earlier times, ethyl ether was commonly used as an anesthetic. It is, however, highly flammable. When five milliliters of ethyl ether, C HuQC/), (d - 0.714 g/mL) is burned in a bomb calorimeter, die temperature rises from 23-5°C to 39.7°Q The calorimeter heat capacity is 10.34 k)/°C. 

Isooctane is a primary component of gasoline and gives gasoline its octane rating. Burning 1.00 mL of isooctane (d = 0.688 g/mL) releases 33.0 kj ofheat. When 10.00 mL of isooctane is burned in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature in the bomb rises from 232°C to 66.5°C. What is the heat capacity of the bomb calorimeter ... 

WEB When one mole of caffeine (CgHlaN402) is burned in air, 4.96 X 103 kj ofheat is evolved. Five grams of caffeine is burned in a bomb calorimeter. The temperature is observed to increase by 11.37°Q What is die heat capacity of the calorimeter in J/°C ... 

Isooctane, CgHlg, is a component of gasoline. When 0.500 g of isooctane is burned, 24.06 kj of heat is given off. If 10.00 mg of isooctane is burned in a bomb calorimeter (heat capacity = 5175 J/°C) initially at 23.6°C, what is the temperature of the calorimeter when reaction is complete ... 

Acetylene, C2H2, is used in welding torches. It releases a lot of energy when burned in oxygen. One gram of acetylene releases 48.2 kj. When 0.750 g of acetylene is burned in a bomb calorimeter (heat capacity = 1.117 kJ/°C), the final temperature of the bomb is 54.5°C. What is the initial temperature of the calorimeter ... 

Salicylic acid, C7H603, is one of the starting materials in the manufacture of aspirin. When 1.00 g of salicylic acid burns in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature rises from 23.11°C to 28.91°C. The temperature in the bomb calorimeter increases by 2.48°C when the calorimeter absorbs 9.37 kj. How much heat is given off when one mole of salicylic acid is burned ... 

Naphthalene, Ci0Hs, is the compound present in moth balls. When one mole of naphthalene is burned, 5.15 X 103 kj ofheat is evolved. A sample of naphthalene burned in a bomb calorimeter (heat capacity = 9832 J/°C) increases the temperature in die calorimeter from 25.1°C to 28.4°C. How many milligrams of naphthalene were burned ... 

A sample of sucrose, Ci2H22On, is contaminated by sodium chloride. When the contaminated sample is burned in a bomb calorimeter, sodium chloride does not burn. What is the percentage of sucrose in the sample if a temperature increase of 1.67°C is observed when 3.000 g of the sample is burned in the calorimeter Sucrose gives off 5.64 X 103kJ/mol when burned. Theheat capacity of the calorimeter is 22.51 kJ/°C. 

For nuclear fission to result in a chain reaction, the sample must be large enough so that most of the neutrons are captured internally. If the sample is too small, most of the neutrons escape, breaking the chain. The critical mass of uranium-235 required to maintain a chain reaction in a bomb appears to be about 1 to 10 kg. In the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, the critical mass was achieved by using a conventional explosive to fire one piece of uranium-235 into another. 

N 16.47%, OB to C02 —103.4%, triclinic needles (from ale). prisms (from acet), mp 238.2°, bp expl at 415°, d 1.48g/cc. Insol in w, si sol in hot ale eth, misc in hot acet benz. Can be prepd by treating mesitylene with a mixt of. nitric sulfuric acids in the cold (Refs 2 3). Blanksma (Ref 4) prepd it by dissolving mesitylene in sulfuric acid, partial sulfonation taking place, and then adding the soln to nitric acid, with the pptn of trinitio-mesitylene. Kholevo (Ref 6) nitrated mesitylene with nitric acid 27, sulfuric acid 69, water 4% to yield white crysts. The expl power of trinitro-mesitylene is less than PA (Ref 9), and it develops a bomb press 84% that of TNT (Ref 8), Its impact sensitivity is 52% that of TNT (Ref 7), and it expls at 415° (Ref 5)... 

CA 44, 8659 (Detn of tire quickness of com-bstn of colloidal proplnts in a bomb) 15) H. 

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