Zeeman atomic spectroscopy

Grobenski Z, Lehmann R, Radzuck B, Voellkopf U (1984) The determination of trace metals in seawater using Zeeman graphite furnace AAS. In Atomic Spectroscopy Application Study No. 686 (1984) Papers presented at Pittsburgh Conference, Atlantic City, NJ, USA... 

Fernandez FJ, Giddings R. 1982. Elimination of spectral interference using Zeeman effect background correction. Atomic Spectroscopy 3 61-65. 

See also Chemical Applications of EPR Chemicai Shift and Reiaxation Reagents in NMR Cosmo-chemicai Appiications Using Mass Spectrometry Geoiogy and Mineraiogy, Appiications of Atomic Spectroscopy industriai Appiications of iR and Raman Spectroscopy intersteiiar Moiecuies, Spectroscopy of Materiais Science Appiications of X-Ray Diffraction Mossbauer Spectrometers Mossbauer Spectroscopy, Theory Soiid State NMR, Methods Stars, Spectroscopy of Surface Studies By iR Spectroscopy Zeeman and Stark Methods in Spectroscopy, Appiications. 

The quantum theory of spectral collapse presented in Chapter 4 aims at even lower gas densities where the Stark or Zeeman multiplets of atomic spectra as well as the rotational structure of all the branches of absorption or Raman spectra are well resolved. The evolution of basic ideas of line broadening and interference (spectral exchange) is reviewed. Adiabatic and non-adiabatic spectral broadening are described in the frame of binary non-Markovian theory and compared with the impact approximation. The conditions for spectral collapse and subsequent narrowing of the spectra are analysed for the simplest examples, which model typical situations in atomic and molecular spectroscopy. Special attention is paid to collapse of the isotropic Raman spectrum. Quantum theory, based on first principles, attempts to predict the. /-dependence of the widths of the rotational component as well as the envelope of the unresolved and then collapsed spectrum (Fig. 0.4). 

Many of the published methods for the determination of metals in seawater are concerned with the determination of a single element. Single-element methods are discussed firstly in Sects. 5.2-5.73. However, much of the published work is concerned not only with the determination of a single element but with the determination of groups of elements (Sect. 5.74). This is particularly so in the case of techniques such as graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, Zeeman background-corrected atomic absorption spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. This also applies to other techniques, such as voltammetry, polarography, neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluroescence spectroscopy, and isotope dilution techniques. 

Much more interesting and informative than Zeeman spectroscopy on atoms with zero electronic spin is the Zeeman effect on electric dipole transitions between states with a nonzero electronic spin moment. For historical reasons, this is called the anomalous Zeeman effect. 

Multielement analysis will become more important in industrial hygiene analysis as the number of elements per sample and the numbers of samples increases. Additional requirements that will push development of atomic absorption techniques and may encourage the use of new techniques are lower detction and sample speciation. Sample speciation will probably require the use of a chromatographic technique coupled to the spectroscopic instrumentation as an elemental detector. This type of instrumental marriage will not be seen in routine analysis. The use of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) (17), Zeeman-effect atomic absorption spectroscopy (ZAA) (18), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (19) will increase in industrial hygiene laboratories because they each offer advantages or detection that AAS does not. 

Maugh, T. H., "The Zeeman Effect A Unique Approach to Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy," Science, 202, 39 (1978). 

Pieter Zeeman was the first to study the effect of an applied magnetic field on atomic emission spectra. Since a perpendicular applied field was subsequently typically used within Zeeman (excited state emission) spectroscopy the normal Zeeman effect is usually described in terms of parallel (II) and perpendicular (J.) plane polarized bands (Figure 1). It should be noted, however, that Zeeman also studied the parallel magnet alignment used within MCD spectroscopy. In Zeeman s words during his Nobel prize lecture in 1902 describing results obtained for emission from the 5d orbital of Cd to the 5p orbital,. But let us first consider the rays... 

M. Quack, D. A. Ramsay, L. Veseth, R. N. Zare, Remarks on the signs of g factors in atomic and molecular Zeeman spectroscopy. Mol. Phys. 98 (2000) 1597-1601. 

Neve J, Chamart S and Molle L (1987) Optimization of a direct procedure for the determination of selenium in plasma and erythrocytes using Zeeman effect atomic absorption spectroscopy. In Bratter P, Schramel P, eds. Trace Element Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology, Vol 4, pp. 349-358. Walter de Gmyter, Berlin-New York. 

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