Y-sitosterol

Other constituents reported to be present include up to about 44% inulin sterols (stig-masterol, P- and y-sitosterols, damaradienol, etc.) friedelin resin pectic substances and others (list and horhammer). 

Amur corktree bark contains alkaloids composed mainly of berberine (0.6-2.5%), phellodendrine, magnoflorine, jatrorrhizine, candicine, andpalmatine limonin (bitter principle) obakunone, dictamnolide, y-sitosterol, P-sitosterol, 7-dehydrostigmasterol, stigmas-terol, and mncilage, and so on. 

Nakamura, Y., Yoshikawa, N., Hiroki, L, Sato, K., Ohtsuki, K., Chang, C. C., Upham, B. L., and Trosko, J. E. (2005). P-Sitosterol from psyllium seed husk (Plantago ovata Forsk)... 

Fujino, Y., and M. Ohnishi. Novel sterylglycosides. Cellotetraosyl sitosterol and cellopentaosyl sitosterol in rice grain. Proc Japan Acad Serv B 1979 55 243-246. 

Arata, Y. and H. Matsuda. 1961. Constituents of Rhizoma nupharis. XVII. Isolation of P-sitosterol, palmitic acid, and oleic acid. Kanazawa Daigaku Yakugakubu Kenyu Nempo 10 35-39. 

Peng, L., Kawagoe, Y, Hogan, P., Delmer, D. (2002) Sitosterol-/3-glucoside as primer for cellulose synthesis in plants. Science 295, 147-150. 

Maitani, Y., et al. 2000. The enhancing effect of soybean-derived sterylglucoside and beta-sitosterol beta-D-glucoside on nasal absorption in rabbits, Int J Pharm 200 17. 

Ikeda, I., Tanabe, Y., and Sugano, M. 1989a. Effects of sitosterol and sitostanol on micellar solubility of cholesterol. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 35, 361-369. 

Echium oil is mainly composed of a-linolenic (30-33%), linoleic (14-18%), y-linolenic (10-13%), stearidonic (13-15%), oleic (14—17%), and palmitic (6-7%) acids. Like other vegetable oils, echium oil contains between 0.6% and 1.8% unsa-ponifiable matter. The oil samples analyzed by Bioriginal Food Science Corp. showed an average content of 0.91% total unsaponihable matter, campesterol was 15.71%, beta-sitosterol was 12.53%, stigmasterol was 0.55%, and others were 33.52%. Tocopherols constituted 8.37% of total unsaponihable matter and consisted of alpha- (0.53%), gamma- (6.92%), and delta-(0.92%) tocopherols. The fatty acid prohle of echium oil is given in Table 3. 

Pecan tree (Carya illinoinensis) is native to the United States but has also been naturalized for commercial pecan production throughout the world, including Australia, South Africa, and several middle eastern and South America countries (33). Fat is the predominant constituent in all pecan varieties, ranging from 65% to 75% (w/w) (1, 33, 34). Other constituents include 13.9% carbohydrate, 9.1% protein, 3.5% water, and 1.5% ash (w/w) (1). The predominant fatty acids present in pecan oil are oleic (55%), linoleic (33%), linolenic (2%), palmitic (7%), and stearic (2%) acids (Table 4) (34). The most predominant tocol in pecan oil was y-tocopherol (176mg/kg), followed by ot-tocopherol (lOmg/kg), and then 5- and p-tocopherols (6.2mg/kg) (1). Pecan oil also contains 0.73 g/kg phytosterols that exist primarily as (3-sitosterol (around 90%) (1). 

Walnuts contain about 65% lipids, however, considerable differences exist among varieties (range 52-70%, w/w) (1,40). Walnuts also contain 15.8% protein, 13.7% carbohydrate, 4.1% water, and 1.8% ash (w/w) (1). The fatty acid composition of walnut oil is unique compared with other tree nut oils for two reasons walnut oil contains predominantly linoleic acid (49-63%) and a considerable amount of ot-linolenic acid (8-15.5%). Other fatty acids present include oleic acid (13.8-26.1%), palmitic acid (6.7-8.7%), and stearic acid (1.4—2.5%) (Table 5) (40). The tocopherol content of walnut oil varies among different cultivars and extraction procedures and ranges between 268 mg/kg and 436 mg/kg. The predominant tocol isomer is y-tocopherol (>90%), followed by a-tocopherol (6%), and then (3- and 8-tocopherols (41). Nonpolar lipids have been shown to constitute 96.9% of total lipids in walnut oil, whereas polar lipids account for 3.1%. The polar lipid fraction consisted of 73.4% sphingolipids (ceramides and galactosylcera-mides) and 26.6% phospholipids (predominantly phosphatidylethanolamine) (42). Walnut oil contains approximately 1.8g/kg phytosterols (1), primarily p-sitosterol (85%), followed by A-5-avenasterol (7.3%), campesterol (4.6%), and, finally, cholesterol (1.1%) (42). 

The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an evergreen species native to tropical America and contains 47% oil (w/w) (1, 68). Other components of cashew nuts include carbohydrate (27.1%), protein (18.2%), water (5.2%), and ash (2.5%) The predominant fatty acid in cashew nut oil is oleic acid (57.3-65.1%), followed by linoleic (15.6-18.6%), and palmitic (9.0-14.2%) acids (Table 10) (68). Cashew nut oil contains 1.4% unsaponifiable matter (w/w), of which 76.2-82.7% is p-sitosterol. Other sterols present in cashew nut oil include A -avenasterol, campesterol, fucosterol, cholesterol, and stigmasterol (68). Cashew nut oil contains 45.3-83.5 mg/lOOg y-tocopherol other tocopherols present are a-tocopherol (2.8-8.2 mg/lOOg) and 5-tocopherol (2.0-5.9 mg/100 g) (68). 

Rice bran Total 1055 mg/Kg campesterol (24%) stigmasterol (11%) sitosterol (52%) A -avenasterol (8%) 3 main unknown compounds in addition to obtusifoliol and gramisterol. cycloartenol and 24-methylene-cycloartanol present as y-oryzanoi (see text). 

Slnequon. See Doxepin hydrochloride Single photon emission computed iumogra y (SPECT). 458-460.460f. V isomer. 35-36. 37f Sisoniicin sulfate. 341 Sitosterol. 661... 

Maitani Y, Soeda H, Wang J, Takayama K (2001) Modified ethanol injection method for liposomes containing (3-sitosterol (3-D-glucoside. J Liposome Res 11 115-125... 

Ntanios, F. Y. and Jones, P. J. H. 1999. Dietary sitosterol reciprocally influences cholesterol absorption and biosynthesis in hamsters and rabbits. Atherosclerosis 143, 341-351. 

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