Y -melanocyte stimulating hormone

Endorphin (143) is produced from pto-opiomelanocottin, a precursor for a-, P-, and y-melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH), adtenocorticotropin (ACTH), which includes the a-MSH sequence, and P-Hpotropin (P-LPH), which includes P-MSH and P-endotphin sequences. 

Figure 33 Cleavage of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) into endorphin and non-opioid peptides. POMC serves as a precursor (pro-) for the opiate peptide, -endorphin (-opio-) for a-, J3- and y-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH, -melano-) for adrenocortkotrophic hormone (ACTH, -cort-) and for a- and /3- lipotropin (-in). Notice that the peptides are not located end-to-end, but that some of the smaller peptide sequences are embedded in larger sequences (e.g., a-lipotropin, P-MSH and P-endorphin are contained within P-lipotropin). Two other protein precursors contain enkephalins and dynorphins. Proenkephalin contains seven met-enkephalin sequences (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met). Prodynorphin contains three leu-enkephalin sequences (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu) and the sequences for dynorphin A, Dynorphin B, a-neodynorphin and P-neoendorphin.

Ogawa, Y, H. Kawahara, N. Yagi, M. Kodaka, T. Tomohiro, T. Okada, T. Konakahara, and H. Okuno, Synthesis of a novel lipopeptide with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptide ligand and its effect on liposome stability [published erratum appears in Lipids, 1999 34(6) 643]. Lipids, 1999. 34(4) 387-94. 

Pan Y-T, Tian Y, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE (1992) Neurotensin-induced activation of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons is accompanied by a decrease in pituitary secretion of prolactin and a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Life Sci 50 2011-2017. 

Manna SK, Sarkar A, Sreenivasan Y (2006) Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone down-regulates CXC receptors through activation of neutrophil elastase. Eur J Immunol 36 754—769... 

Chiao FI, Kohda Y, McLeroy P, Craig L, LinasS, Star RA Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone inhibits renal injury In the absence of neutrophils. Kidney Int 54 765-774,1998... 

Other peptides which affect feeding behaviour are found in the hypothalamus. They include the orexigenic peptides neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRp), and the anorexic peptides melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) (see below). 

Human N-terminal fragment (hNT) and 7-melanocyte stimulating hormone (y-MSH) are released with ACTH and 3-endorphin. y-MSH, a fragment of hNT. (Figure 31-7), may be the putative aldosterone-stimulating hormone of the pituitary. hNT and y-MSH may also be the major stimulators of adrenocortical proliferation, whereas ACTH is the regulator of adrenocortical steroidogenesis. 

O Donnel P, Burne M, Nemoto T, Keane WF, RabbH Direct measurement of renal function in mice with ischemia-reperfusion injury comparison of inulin clearance with serum creatinine, (abstract) J Am Soc Nephrol 11 606A, 2001 Chiao H, Kohda Y, McLeroy P, Craig L, Linas S, Star RA A-melanocyte-stimulating hormone inhibits renal injury in the absence of neutrophils. Kidney Int 54 765-774, 1998... 

Leiba, H., Garty, N.B., Schmidt-Sole, J., Piterman, O., Azrad, A. and Salomon, Y. (1990) The melanocortin receptor in the rat lacrimal gland a model system for the study of MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) as a potential neurotransmitter. Ear. J. Pharmacol. 181 71-82. 

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