Xylose gene cloning

Burget, E.G., Verma, R., Molho, M., and Reiter, W.-D., 2003, The biosynthesis of L-arabinose in plants Molecular cloning and characterization of a Golgi-localized UDP-D-xylose 4-epimerase encoded by the MUR4 gene of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 15 523-531. 

Harper, A.D., and Bar-Peled, M., 2002, Biosynthesis of UDP-xylose, cloning and characterization of a novel Arabidopsis gene family, UXS, encoding soluble and putative membrane-bound UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase isoforms. Plant Physiol. 130 2188-2198. 

Bennett EP, Clausen H. Cloning and expression of a proteoglycan 80. UDP-galactose P-xylose 31,4-galactosyltransferase I - A seventh member of the human 34-galactosyltransferase gene family. J. 

Initially, the basis for xylose fermentation in yeasts and fungi was not well understood. Researchers knew that bacteria with xylose isomerase could ferment xylose while fungi with the oxidoreductase uptake system could not, so they sought to express xylose isomerase in S. cerevisiae or other yeasts in order to create an improved xylose fermenter. Ueng et al. [34] cloned the gene for xylose isomerase from E. coli and Chan et al. [35] expressed it in S. pombe. These are the only researchers to have reported success with this approach. Amore et al. [36] expressed the genes from Bacillus and Actinoplanes in S. cerevisiae. Approximately 5 % of the cellular protein consisted of xylose isomerase, but it was not catalytically active. Sarthy et al. [37] expressed E. coli xylose isomerase in S. cerevisiae but found that the protein had only about 10 as much activity as the native protein from E. coli. 

Hallborn et al. [115] cloned a short-chain dehydrogenase gene from P. stipitis CBS 6054 that has its highest activity with D-arabinitol as substrate. The D-arabinitol dehydrogenase activity is not induced by xylose but it can use xylitol as a substrate. D-Ribulose is the final product for this enzyme. This enzyme is similar to an NAD+-dependent D-arabitol dehydrogenase cloned from Candida albicans [116]. 

After the unsuccessful attempts to clone a xylose isomerase gene in yeast, we were one of the remaining four known groups that continued to pursue this dif-... 

Fig. 9 A, B. Comparison of fermentation of xylose under identical conditions by A genetically engineered Saccharomyces yeast strain 1400(pLNH32) which contains the cloned and genetically modified XR, XD, and XK genes and by B 1400 (pXR-XD) which contains only the same cloned XR and XD genes, but not the cloned XK gene. These results demonstrate the importance of cloning the XK gene to enable the Saccharomyces yeasts such as 1400 (pLNH32) to ferment xylose to ethanol...

In order to prove that cloning KD, AR or A R, and KK XD, XR, and XK structural genes fused to glycolytical promoters) is extremely important for cofermentation of feedstocks (or media) containing mixtures of glucose and xylose, we compared the fermentation of a mixture of glucose and xylose by 1400 (pLNH 32) and Pichia stipitis. As described above, the Pichia yeast is a na-... 

D-Xylose isomerase catalyzes the interconversion between D-xylose and D-xylulose (Fig. 17-21). Since this enzyme acts on D-glucose to produce D-fructose, it is often referred to as glucose isomerase (Fig. 17-21). The isomerization of glucose to fructose by this enzyme is a very important process for the industrial production of high fructose com syrup. This enzyme is also applicable to the synthesis of many aldoses and ketoses because of its wide substrate specificity. The enzyme gene has been cloned from various microorganisms, and the enzyme has been overexpressed, purified, and characterized. Their three dimensional structures have also been determined I203-206. ... 

Amore, R., Kotter, P, Kuster, C., Ciriacy, M., Hollenberg, C. P. (1991). Cloning and Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the NAD(P)H- dependent xylose reductase- encoding gene (XYLl) from the xylose assimilating yeast Pichia stipitis. Gene, 109, 89-97. 

Moes, C. J., Pretorius, 1. S.. Van Zyl, W. H. (1996). Cloning and expression of the Clostridium thermosulfurogenes D-xylose isomerase gene (xylA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnology Letters, 1S(2), 269-274. 

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