XRD result

Ogata et al. (1997) first prepared PLA/ organoclay (OMMT) blends by dissolving the polymer in hot chloroform in the presence of dimethyl distearyl ammonium modified MMT (2Ci8MMT). XRD results show that the silicate layers forming the day could not be intercalated in the PLA/MMT blends, prepared by the solvent-cast method. Thus, the clay existed in the form of tactoids, consisting several stacked silicate monolayers. 

The TEM images of the starch-capped ZnSe nanoparticles showed that the particles were well dispersed, small and spherical in shape. The particles are in the range 2.3 to 4.2 nm with mean particle diameter of 3.3 nm and standard deviation (o) of 0.562 nm indicating broad size distribution. The TEM diameter is in accordance with the XRD result. The broad size distribution was attributed to the aggregation of the smaller particles which are thermodynamically unstable in the solution as a result of their high surface energy which makes them very reactive (Wei et al., 2004 Lee at al., 2002, 2003). 

Nanocrystals titania was prepared by sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction result is shown in Figure 1, all samples were anatase phase. Based on Sherrer s equation, these samples had crystallite sizes about 7 nm. From XRD results, it indicated that titania samples showed the similar of crystallinity because the same ordering in the structure of titania particles make the same intensity of XRD peaks. 

The BET sur ce area of CNF-R and CNF-HT are 152.5 and 141.6 m /g respectively. After oxidation, the surface areas increase a little (160-170 m /g). All the samples have small micropore volumes (<0.008 cm /g). XRD results imply a 0.339 nm doo2 spacing for CNF-HT, which is smaller than that of CNF-R (0.341 nm). The onset weight loss tenperature (temperature nc ed to reach 5 % hum-ofrf) of the CNF-HT is 660 U while the CNF-R is only 540 U. These results indicate the graphitizaton extent of CNF increases after heat treatment. The ash content of CNF-HT is 0.06 wt%. So, the side effects of the metal on catalytic performances can be ruled out... 

Figs. 2 and 3 shows typical SEM pictures and XRD patterns of crude VOPcs obtained at ISO °C for 4 h in the amventional and microwave synthrais. As shown in Fig. 2, the smaller particle size and nairowra size distribution are obtained in the microwave synthesis, compared to conventional one. From XRD results in Fig. 3, it can be c culated that the crystallite sizes of onde VOPcs obtained by the conventional and microwave synthesis are about 44 nm and 48 nm, respectively. Thus, the tact that particle size is snutller and crystallite size is larger in microwave sample, compared to conventional sample is probably caused by the microwave non-thramal eflfect [3]. 

To prepare the charge generation material of photoreceptor used in xerography, the crude VOPc synthesized at 150 °C for 4 h in the microwave synthesis was acid-treated, and then recrystallized. As shown in Fig. 4, the amorphous VOPc can be obtainol from crude VOPc by acid-treatment and the fine crystal VOPc can he obtained fixim amorphous VOPc by recrystallization. From XRD results, it can be calculated that the crystallite size of fine crystal VOPc is about 18 nm. As shown in Fig. 5, the fine crystal VOPc is well dispersed with uniform size. It indicates that this fine crystal VOPC can be probably used as the chaige generation material of photoreceptor. Thus, further research will be required to measure the electrophotographic properties of fine crystal VOPc. 

The XRD and TEM showed that the bimetallic nanoparticles with Ag-core/Rh-shell structure spontaneously form by the physical mixture of Ag and Rh nanoparticles. Luo et al. [168] carried out structure characterization of carbon-supported Au/Pt catalysts with different bimetallic compositions by XRD and direct current plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. The bimetallic nanoparticles were alloy. Au-core/Pd-shell structure of bimetallic nanoparticles, prepared by co-reduction of Au(III) and Pd(II) precursors in toluene, were well supported by XRD data [119]. Pt/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles can be prepared by the co-reduction of H2PtClg and CuCl2 with hydrazine in w/o microemulsions of water/CTAB/ isooctane/n-butanol [112]. XRD results showed that there is only one peak in the pattern of bimetallic nanoparticles, corresponding to the (111) plane of the PtCu3 bulk alloy. 

Even after the boron s electrophilicity has been arrested intermolecularly, intramolecular reorganization of the boraethene may still proceed. A remarkable instance is the structure 60 (by XRD) resulting from the oxidation of 57 by SnCl2. Intermediates in this impressive transformation might well be carbene 58 and boraethene 59. The borons in 59 are still sufficiently electrophilic to cause the mesityl group to bridge (Scheme l).61... 

Zinc telluride, ZnTe, was deposited on quartz, silicon, InAs, and GaSb substrates using Zn[TeSi(SiMe3)3]2 at temperatures between 250 °C and 350 °C. On InAs (orientation not specified) a cubic ZnTe layer was obtained. Problems of stoichiometry are encountered at temperatures below 325 °C because decomposition of the precursor is incomplete, while at higher temperatures (above 350 °C) the deposited ZnTe decomposes into Zn (which evaporates) and involatile elemental tellurium which remains. The results with the analogous cadmium precursor (1.4 torr, 290 °C) indicate that the CdTe films may be of better stoichiometry than those of ZnTe, with XRD results indicating that on a Si substrate the hexagonal phase is predominantly... 

Figure 1). Finally, high ordered pure silica mesoporous material, containing lipase enzyme by entrapping procedure, has been obtained by sol-gel method (XRD results not showed).

The chemical analysis by ICP-AES showed that the determined M2+/M3+ molar ratio in Zn2Al (Table 1) was very close to the nominal ratio of the synthesis mixture, and is supporting the XRD results. For Zn2Ga, the Zn/Ga ratio was slightly higher than 2 due to the presence of an excess of ZnO, also evidenced by XRD. ICP-AES analysis of the Rh exchanged LDH indicated a similar Rh content in the two samples (Table 1). The TPPTS Rh (wt%) ratio was found to be a value of 2.83, in agreement with the structure of the expected complex [9c]. 

The total surface areas determined by the N2 BET method for the calcined, supported catalysts are listed in Table II. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed diffraction peaks from a cubic lattice with a unit cell distance of 6.1 A were present on all of the calcined catalysts. Both C03O4 and C0AI2O4 have structures consistent with that lattice spacing, making assignment of the type of crystalline cobalt species present on the alumina supports difficult. 

The nanostructured bimetallic catalysts were characterized using several techniques, and some of the main results are summarized in this section. We first describe the size and composition of the AuPt nanoparticles determined from TEM and DCP-AES analysis. This description is followed by discussion of the phase properties based on XRD results. We further discuss the FTIR provbing of CO adsorption on the bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts. 

Figure 8. Activity of carbon-based gold catalysts in CO oxidation and their XRD results [75]. Panel A the conversions on Au/C, Au/MnOx/C, MnOx/C, and MnOx/Au/C pretreated in 02-Fle at 200°C. Reaction conditions 1% CO in air flow rate 37 mL/min 0.05 g catalyst. Panel B XRD patterns of as-synthesized catalysts. [Reproduced by permission of Elsevier from Ma, Z. Liang, C. D. Overbury, S. H. Dai, S. J. Catal. 2007, 252, 119-126.]...

This work Is motivated by a lack of techniques for quantifying the mineral components In complex environmental solids. Programmatic Interest derives from research In the environmental chemistry of raw and retorted oil shales from the Plceance Basin In Colorado. For this reason, we chose to do exploratory research on a particular sample of raw shale. Previously XRD analysis had been performed on this sample. The XRD results are shown In Table I. XRD line Intensities for the minerals often are used to provide a rough seml-quantltatlve estimate of amount present. 

Our current estimate for the quantitative mineral composition of the entire oil shale sample based on all 10 clusters Is presented In Table VII. These estimates are consistent with the qualitative XRD results of Table I. Because they are subject to several sources of uncertainty, It Is Impractical to assign error bounds at this time. These Include uncertainty In values of chemical elements for test vectors, problems In Identifying minor mineral components In the clusters, uncertainty In the relative concentrations of each element, and uncertainty In the organic content of each sample. 

Because of the inherently non-equilibrium nature of the production route, the first question which needed to be answered was whether the phases present in the alloy were in fact stable, so that equilibrium calculations could actually be used to design these alloys. To this end CALPHAD calculations were combined with a detailed experimental characterisation of a Fe7oCrigMo2B o alloy (Kim et al. 1990, Pan 1992). The TEM and XRD results confirmed earlier work (Xu et al. 1985) which stated that an orthorhombic boride M2B was present and its composition was Cr-rich. However, they also showed that a proportion of the borides ( 10%) were Mo-rich and that the Fe-based matrix was martensitic. The latter result was particularly surprising because of the high level (20at%) of a-ferrite stabilisers Cr and Mo. Furthermore, initial analysis of difiiaction patterns from the TEM work indicated that the shuctuie of the Mo-rich boride was a tetragonal type whose structure had not been reported in previous literature (Kim and Cantor 1988). 

Both Mossbauer data and XRD results have shown that there are two types of octa-hedra and hence, Fe sites in the structure (Johnson Logan, 1979 Murad, 1979 Post Buchwald, 1991). In one type of octahedron, the Fe-O distances range from 0.19 and 0.23 nm, whereas in the second type, they are between 0.18 and 0.23 nm. Both types of octahedra are slightly distorted, probably as a result of cation/cation repulsion between adjacent octahedra. 

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