Xenobiotics toxic

Laskin, J. D., Heck D.E., and Laskin D.L. The ribotoxic stress response as a potential mechanism for MAP kinase activation in xenobiotic toxicity. Toxicol. Sci. 69, 289, 2002. 

These protein transporters are clearly important in the absorption, distribution, and excretion of xenobiotics. There are many other transporters, which may play a role at times in xenobiotic toxicity and detoxication. 

Gram TE. Chemically reactive intermediates and pulmonary xenobiotic toxicity. Pharmacol Rev 1997 49 297-341. 

Many of the factors that can affect organisms adversely are inherent stressors, including availability of nutrition, water quality, temperature and other climatic extremes, disease, and predation. It is important to be able to separate effects of inherent stressors from those of toxic chemicals. There are often important synergistic relationships between inherent stressors and the effects of toxic chemicals. Organisms that are under stress from inherent stressors are likely to be more susceptible to the effects of xenobiotic toxicants. 

Ingelman-Sundberg M. Polymorphism of cytochrome P450 and xenobiotic toxicity. Toxicology 2002 181-182 447-452. 

Such revelations led to further study of xenobiotic toxicity and carcinogenesis, illuminating mechanisms involved. In recent years, numerous studies have revealed... 

Endocrine disruption which is independent of interactions between xenobiotics and endogenous hormone receptors can occur in a variety of different ways, including alterations in the number of hormone receptor sites (up- or down-regulation) or direct or indirect hormone modifications which alter hormonal function (Evans, 2007 Keith, 1997). Xenobiotics can change the rate of synthesis or destruction of endogenous hormones and can alter how hormones are stored, how they are released into and/or transported within the circulation, or even how they are eventually cleared from the body (Capen, 2008 Evans, 2007 Keith, 1997 Sikka et al, 2005). Any xenobiotic toxic to hormone-producing organs or tissues (e.g. testis and ovary) also has the potential to decrease hormone synthesis and thereby indirectly cause endocrine disruption (Devine and Hoyer, 2005 Evans, 2007). 

The importance of biological pathways and networks for predicting xenobiotic toxicity via toxicogenomics profiles has been demonstrated with various degree of success in recent years.26 Although the terms "pathway" and "network"... 

Transgenic mice may add to our understanding of the role of XME polymorphisms in potentiation or protection from xenobiotic toxicity. For example, mice lacking the AhR are immune to benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenicity, presumably due to an inability to induce CYPlAl expression. 

Key words Immune system, Chemical effects, Xenobiotics, Toxicity testing, Alternative methods,... 

R 30 J.L. Griffin, Metabonomics NMR Spectroscopy and Pattern Recognition Analysis of Body Fluids and Tissues for Characterisation of Xenobiotic Toxicity and Disease Diagnosis , p. 648... 

Gut Microbiome Modulates Dietary Xenobiotic Toxicity The Case of DON and Its Derivatives... 

GUT MICROBIOME MODULATES DIETARY XENOBIOTIC TOXICITY THE CASE OF DON AND ITS DERIVATIVES... 

The immune system of the body serves a number of valuable functions, mostly related to defense against foreign agents. Included among immune system functions are the following (1) defense against viral, bacterial, and protozoal infectious agents (2) destruction and nentralization of neoplastic (cancerous) cells and (3) resistance to xenobiotic toxicants. 

Microsomal monoxygenase enzymes of the cytochrome-P450 family are found in all biological kingdoms, and play a central role in the breakdown of metabolic as well as xenobiotic, toxic and 70% of the dmgs in clinical use. Yamamoto et al. showed that functional and ssNMR data can reveal interactions between the proteins in fluid lamellar phase bilayers. ... 

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