Scattering techniques x-rays

Applications of Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Techniques for Characterizing High Surface Area Carbons... 

The extent of phase separation can be measured directly by the scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), optical microscope, and light or X-ray scattering technique. It is also investigated indirectly by measuring certain physical properties, such as glass transition temperature. 

Among the most common surface X-ray scattering techniques used to probe mineral-fluid interface structure is the measurement of crystal truncation rods (CTRs). CTRs are diffuse streaks of intensity connecting bulk reciprocal lattice (Bragg) points in the direction perpendicular to a surface, and arise as a natural... 

X-ray Scattering. Each sample was analyzed by a low-angle X-ray scattering technique in the laboratory of Wershaw and Pinkney (JO). 

Some small-angle X-ray scattering techniques have also been applied to polysiloxane elastomers. One examples is the characterization of the structures of gels.343 The most important example, however, has been the characterization of fillers precipitated into polysiloxane elastomers, and the corresponding incorporation of such elastomers into ceramic matrices (in both cases to improve mechanical properties).92,344,345 Some of this work is described in Chapter 8. 

Hard X-ray scattering techniques have been applied to the chemical imaging of an enormous range of systems, primarily systems that are not perfectly ordered or static. Problems addressed include ... 

In the past 10 years, many characterization techniques have been used in the in situ study of the formation mechanism of zeolite from clear solution. For example, Honssian et al. studied the TPA-silicalite-1 system by using the small-angle X-ray scattering technique [34] Carlsson et al. performed a modeling study on the crystallization of silicalite-I from a liquid-phase system [35] Smaihi and colleagues applied in situ 27A1-,... 

X-ray scattering methods provide a route to unambiguously determining the basic structural characteristics of polymeric materials. The penetration of X-rays means that these techniques are not restricted to thin films, as in the case of IR spectroscopy, or optically transparent materials, as in the case of optical microscopy. Complex materials including filled polymers, composites, and other optically opaque samples, such as semi-crystalline polymers, can be studied with ease. Moreover, the sample preparation required for X-ray scattering techniques is often minimal. 

Wide-angle X-ray scattering techniques can provide direct information on key features such as crystallinity, preferred orientation, phase identification and compositional analysis.. zfs jjoj-g detailed analysis can yield details of local chain conformations and packing arrangements in both crystalline and disordered polymers. ... 

Small-angle X-ray scattering techniques provide a route to information at a larger scale, particularly in multi-phase materials such as semi-crystalline polymers, block copolymers, and blends. Quantitative details on crystalline lamellar size or on preferred orientation are just two examples of the structural parameters which can be obtained using this powerful technique.2" 2>243... 

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