Wide angle x-ray scattering WAXS technique

Structure [49,50]. The presence of a different crystal phase can usually be detected by wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) techniques. For instance, the P phase of PP shows a characteristic diffraction peak at 20 = 16° while the y phase at 20 = 20.3°. To the best of the authors knowledge, no effect of crystal phase change induced by the presence of needlelike clays in polyolefins has been reported so far in scientific literature. 

Information on the morphology of polymers is revealed by techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), which is often called wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) by polymer scientists, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The crystallites exist in a polymer sample below the melting temperature T, an order-disorder transition, above which a viscous melt is formed. 

Detailed stractural examinaticm is essential to investigate the potential of cellulose nanofibre as reinforcement in polymer composites. Several characterization techniques were used to study the ultrasfructure of cellulose obtained from various sources. Various techniques such as TEM, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), SEM, AFM and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) have been used to characterise the morphology of cellulose nanofibres. TEM and AFM aid... 

Fig. 48 Assembly of a lamellar-forming polypeptide-coil diblock copolymer depicting the main techniques employed in our studies. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is employed for the domain spacing, d. C NMR and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) are employed to identify the type of the peptide secondary structure (a-helical in the schematic). WAXS is further employed to specify the lateral self-assembly of a-helices within the polypeptide domain (a hexagonal lattice is indicated). Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) and site-specific NMR techniques are employed for the dynamics. Furthermore, the most intense DS process provides the persistence length. Ip, of a-helical segments [181]...

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