X-ray diffractogram

The breadth of the peaks in an x-ray diffractogram provide a detennination of the average crystallite domain size, assuming no lattice strain or defects, tlirough the Debye-Scherr fonnula ... 

Figure 2 X-ray diffractograms of P7MB obtained at different temperatures [10]. Curve a 182°C curve b 152°C curve c ITC. Noise has been suppressed.

Figure 9 Ambient-temperature x-ray diffractograms of PDTMB samples (a) annealed at 70°C for 24 days, and (b) freshly quenched from the melt [25,26]. Noise has been suppressed.

The x-ray diffractograms of those three samples are shown in Fig. 12. The lower pattern corresponds to the quenched sample where only the mesophase is present (the layer line, appearing at lower angles is not shown). The other two diagrams corresponding to the annealed samples present several sharp diffraction peaks, which... 

Fig. 4. X-ray diffractograms of DECA (1), HIPS/DECA-l-Sb203 (2), and manually ground DECA (3)... 

FIGURE 2.9 X-ray diffractogram (XRD) spectra of unmodified and modified nanoclays and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)-based nanocomposites with styrene content of (a) 15% and 40% and (b) 23%. (From Sadhu, S. and Bhowmick, A.K., J. Polym. Set, Part B Polym. Phys., 42, 1573, 2(304. Courtesy of Wiley InterScience.)... 

Figure 2 X-ray diffractograms recorded at room temperature, (a) Metallocene-synthesized isotactic poly(propylene), mmmm — 0.996 crystallized at 145°C. (b) Atactic poly(propylene). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43], Copyright John Wiley Sons, Inc., 1999.

Figure 4.1. Removal of carbonate from Israeli arid soils as indicated by the X-ray diffractograms after extraction of the carbonate fraction by NaOAc-HOAc solutions at various pHs for 16 hours. C calcite d = 3.04 A, and D dolomite, d = 2.89 A. Number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 indicate non-treated soil (No. 1), treatments (No. 2-6) with NaOAc-HOAc solutions at pH 7.0, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0 and 4.0, respectively (after Han and Banin, 1995. Reprinted from Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal, 26, Han and Banin A., Selective sequential dissolution techniques for trace metals in arid-zone soils The carbonate dissolution step, p 563, Copyright (1995), with permission from Taylor Francis US)...

The powder X-ray diffractograms of the composites present the characteristic peaks of the encapsulated zeolite [9]. It is interesting to observe that no characteristic peak of chitosan was present in the XRD patterns of composites. It is clear that the presence of the zeolites has prevented the crystallisation of chitosan when the gel has been dried. This phenomenon has been already observed when the zeolite content reaches a threshold value and has been attributed to a strong interaction between zeolite and chitosan [10],... 

FIGURE 4.10 X-ray diffractograms of the spent 20 wt% Co/Al203 catalyst after the run (in Figure 4.9) compared to a freshly reduced catalyst in wax. The wax was melted in situ in nitrogen at 120°C to remove interfering diffraction patterns.63... 

The previous paper (63) also studied the disintegration of solid solutions and for that purpose samples were heated for 300 hours at 250°C, but no signs of disintegration were detected in an X-ray diffractogram. This might be due to the fact that solid state diffusion is still too slow at that temperature. This is supported by the low diffusion coefficient calculated if one extrapolates from the experimental values determined at high temperature (60). 

Figure 1. X-ray diffractogram and chemical composition of the Spanish sepiolite (from TOLSA S.A.) used in this work.

Figure 2. X-ray diffractogram of Spanish sepiolite after (A) calcination in air at 800°C/lh (B) loading with 5% V and calcination in air at 540°C/10h (C) sample B calcined at 800°C/lh and (D) sample D steam-aged.

Lower Comparison of a neutron with an X-ray diffractogram of 6-line ferrihydrite (Jansen et al. 2002, with permission)... 

Deviations from the unit cell parameters obtained from an X-ray diffractogram of a pure phase may be used to quantify the extent of Fe substitution by other cations, provided the ionic radius of these foreign cations differs sufficiently from that of... 

Fig. 13.3 X -ray diffractograms of Fe oxides produced at RT by hydrolysing a 0.1 M Fe(N03)s solution at a different rates (left) and by oxidizing a 0.1 M FeCl2 solution at pH 7 in the presence of various Si concentrations (right) Fh ferrihydrite Gt goethite Lp lepidocrocite. (Schwertmann et al.l 999 with permission Schwertmann Cornell 2000).

---