X-rays—continued

Used effects Phonon excitation (20 meV-1 eV) Plasmon and interband excitations (1-50 eV) Inner-shell ionization (A = ionization energy loss) Emission of x-ray (continuous/characteristic, analytical EM)... 

To test the feasibility of obtaining submicron size patterns in the resist films, an exposure source was used which consisted of the X-ray continuous spectrum produced by synchrotron radiation from the 5 0 MeV storage ring of the University of Orsay (ACO) since synchrotron radiation had been shown previously (2.,8.) to be a suitable source for providing very high resolution due to the small divergence of the beam. The maximum output flux of ACO... 

A 68-year-old woman, with a history of alcohol abuse and a leiomyoma of the stomach, aspirated barium sulfate and became dyspneic and developed hypoxia (Pa02 46mmHg). At bronchoscopy the bronchial mucosa was coated with barium and a chest X-ray showed heavy alveolar deposition of barium sulfate distributed over the entire lung, with some predominance in the lower zones. The patient developed a fever (39°C) and a leukocytosis (12 x 10 /I) the day after aspiration. She was given cefotiam 2000 mg and metronidazole 500 mg intravenously every 8 hours. The fever resolved within 2 days and Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from the bronchial fluid. She was discharged 2 days later, but the chest X-ray continued to show persistent alveolar deposition of the barium sulfate with only a slight improvement compared with the initial X-ray. 

The ability to image X-rays continuously comes about as a result of the combination of two essential elements on the one hand, a bright, high repetition rate source of (monochromatic) X-rays as is available at a synchrotron and, on the other, a live-time X-ray imaging device. This combination provides a means for direct phase identification and characterization continuously in time during the course of a transition. 

Percutaneous vertebroplasty is quite difficult because a narrow arcus vertebra is punctured with accuracy, and an operator s hand is exposed to X-ray continuously. Onogi et al. (2005) developed a 5-DOF needle insertion robot for percutaneous vertebroplasty that is compact in size (350 mm x D... 

As the safety and quality of industrial components, equipments and constructions is correlated with the inspection sensitivity and this is influenced in radiography by the film system class, a continuous supervision of the film systems on the market seems to be urgently necessary. To support the confidence of the film users in the film properties specified by the film manufacturers such a system for quality assurance for industrial x-ray films is proposed by some manufacturers and BAM. This system will be open to all manufacturers, distributers and users of x-ray films. It will deal with all film systems inclusive those which are not specified by a manufacturer as for instance mixed systems. The system for quality assurance will be based... 

The other type of x-ray source is an electron syncluotron, which produces an extremely intense, highly polarized and, in the direction perpendicular to the plane of polarization, highly collimated beam. The energy spectrum is continuous up to a maximum that depends on the energy of the accelerated electrons, so that x-rays for diffraction experiments must either be reflected from a monochromator crystal or used in the Laue mode. Whereas diffraction instruments using vacuum tubes as the source are available in many institutions worldwide, there are syncluotron x-ray facilities only in a few major research institutions. There are syncluotron facilities in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Genuany and Japan. 

Karfunkel H R, B Rohde, F J J Leusen, R J Gdanitz, emd G Rihs 1993. Continuous Similarity Measure Between Nonoverlapping X-ray Powder Diagrams of Different Crystal Modifications. Journal oj Computational Chemistry 14 1125-1135. 

TABLE 7.1 Wavelengths of X-Ray Emission Spectra in Angstroms Continued)... 

Work on EXAFS then progressed very little until the advent of the synchrotron radiation source (storage ring), described in Section 8.1.1.1. This type of source produces X-ray radiation of the order of 10 to 10 times as intense as that of a conventional source and is continuously tunable. These properties led to the establishment of EXAFS as an important structural tool for solid materials. 

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