World space

Unlike other closed surfaces the Mobius strip is bounded. The boundary is a simple closed curve, but unlike an opening in the surface of a sphere it cannot be physically shrunk away in three-dimensional space. When the boundary is shrunk away the resulting closed surface is topologically a real projective plane. In other words, the Mobius strip is a real projective plane with a hole cut out of it. 

All evidence points at a multi-dimensional, non-orientable structure, topologically equivalent to projective space-time. It is of interest to note that the same conclusion has been reached before on the basis of astronomical observation [229]. In two instances has the same pattern, defined by a cluster of quasars, been observed as distorted multiple images at different positions in the sky and interpreted in terms of multiply connected projective space. 

The only factor of some chemical importance that features prominently in the theories of cosmology is the synthesis of small nuclides such as deuterium and helium. Unfortunately, the initial conditions that are considered to be crucial in these models are purely conjectural. There is little hope of a meaningful test against chemical reality and, in the present climate, no chance for the growth of a mathematically based alternative cosmology. However, the simple qualitative model of a non-orientable universe provides interesting insight into the nature of matter, non-local interaction and quantum theory. 

Central to the discussion of space-time structure is the notion of a vacuum. As argued before (5.9) the physical vacuum is not a void. Because 

The aether concept disappeared from physics for several decades after the discovery of special relativity, which led to the four-dimensional formulation of all natural laws. The argument against the aether is based on the perceived nature of a perfect vacuum that contains no matter and no fields. Relativistically, such a region must be isotropic and all directions within the light cone must be equivalent. If the aether hypothesis means that a mobile aether exists at each point in the region, its motion creates a preferred direction within the light-cone in space-time, at variance with the requirement of relativity. Experiments, like that of Michelson and Morley (T4.3.1), designed to measure the aether drift, actually measure the velocity of the earth relative to a stationary aether. 

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It is proposed to use the terms world space and aether synonymously and to reserve space and vacuum for empty three-dimensional space. Curvature of world space may refer to any of its unknown number of dimensions. It... 

In order to give a physical interpretation of special relativity it is necessary to understand the implications of the Lorentz rotation. Within Galilean relativity the three-dimensional line element of euclidean space (r2 = r r) is an invariant and the transformation corresponds to a rotation in three-dimensional space. The fact that this line element is not Lorentz invariant shows that world space has more dimensions than three. When rotated in four-dimensional space the physical invariance of the line element is either masked by the appearance of a fourth coordinate in its definition, or else destroyed if the four-space is not euclidean. An illustration of the second possibility is the geographical surface of the earth, which appears to be euclidean at short range, although on a larger scale it is known to curve out of the euclidean plane. 

In essence, real world-space is not Euclidean and space is generally curved into the time dimension, consistent with the theory of general relativity. The curvature may not be sufficient to become obvious in a local context. However, it is sufficient to break the time-reversal symmetry that seems to characterize the laws of physics. Not only does it cause perpetual time flow with respect to all mass, but actually identifies a fixed direction for this flow. It creates an arrow of time and thereby eliminates an inconsistency in the logic of physics how reversible microscopic laws can underpin an irreversible macroscopic world. General curvature of space breaks the time-reversal symmetry and produces chiral space, manifest in the right-hand... 

Another consequence of the general curvature of world space is that distant radiation sources are separated from an observer in both space and time [232]. During transit, the photon moves towards an observer which is ahead in time, and therefore appears to lag as if the source was receding. The observed red shift, created by the time difference, will be a function of separation in space and proportional to the time interval, At. The red shift and Hubble s proportionality constant are then defined by... 

Kobayashi, K., Yamanashi, H., Ohashi, A., Kaneko, T., Miya-kawa, S., Saito, T. (2002). Formation of amino acids and nucleic acid constituents from simulated primitive planetary atmosphere by irradiation with high energy protons. 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. The Second World Space Congress, Houston, TX (October 10-19, 2002). 

The complete data obtained by WUPPE and HST can be found at http //www.sal.wisc.eduAVUPPE/ and http //archive.stsci.edu/. Due to the prime importance of the polarimetric data from the far ultraviolet region the spectropolarimetric observations are proposed to continue with a new spectropolarimeter of special design which is planned to be on-board the World Space Observatory for UV (WSO/UV). 

Task Environment Physical space in which robots operate, or the conditions of that space also known as world space. 

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