Workers healthcare system

Health system items (e.g. drugs, physicians and other healthcare workers, hospitalisations, laboratory tests, surgeries, etc.)... 

Spontaneous adverse event reporting may be defined as any system of safety data collection which relies upon physicians, other healthcare workers and sometimes patients to report adverse clinical events which, they suspect, may be causally related to the administration of a drug or drugs. It is these systems which are sponsored by the governments of virtually all developed countries and, increasingly, by developing countries as well. For the physician in the pharmaceutical industry it is this method of safety evaluation that will most frequently be encountered and, in spite of its numerous defects and limitations, will take up much working time. 

Dignity is another casualty. Migrant workers like the Zhangs are second-class citizens in China. Despised and ignored by city residents, they take on the sizzling economy s dirtiest and most difficult jobs for very low pay. China s household registration system excludes them from public healthcare and social welfare their kids cannot attend public schools in the... 

Health data are collected either by the individual or by healthcare workers who interview and evaluate the individual. The data are stored on paper and/or on a local electronic system and/or on a distant electronic system. Table 14.1 gives a few examples [4-5], including some which are "almost PHRs" or almost ubiquitous. 

The disadvantages of paper medical records filed in private clinics or hospital store rooms have been discussed many times, but those systems do not pretend to be PHRs. The paper records kept by patients in Vietnam, parts of Africa, or Sarawak (East Malaysia) are still not quite ubiquitous. Data entry is by healthcare workers during meetings with the patients, so it is episodic and not ubiquitous in time. The records are accessible wherever the patient is (or has them) but not by anyone remote from the patient, so they are not ubiquitous in location. 

Most of these systems allow data to be collected by the individuals (anytime) and by healthcare workers (during encounters with patients), which makes them ubiquitous in that respect. Some also allow data collection from registered devices. Being web based, for data retrieval they are ubiquitous as far as the web is concerned. 

Connected devices can upload health records to a central online server. Whether such systems are ubiquitous depends on where the data are stored, and that depends partly on who collects the data (Table 14.1). Healthcare workers mostly work for organizations which have web-based health records, as the following examples show they rarely store PHRs on mobile devices. In addition, the devices used by healthcare workers generally stay with them, so are not available to their individual patients at any time. 

Pakistan as a country is well suited for this study due to at least two reasons (1) the fact that there is a vast network of government-sponsored health workers already working in the county, with most of the rural population in Pakistan depending upon these community health workers for their healthcare needs and (2) the reach of telecommunication networks has expanded exponentially over the last decade, leading to 90% penetration nationwide. Therefore, mobile telephony is available in far reaches of the country. Therefore, building a system that uses mobile and Internet technology is possible. Moreover, the availability of a nefwork of community health workers has provided an opportunity to reach easily to vast populations in remote or underserviced areas. 

Benefits can be evaluated to determine whether the school system is providing a sufficient package for anployees. For example, if adequate healthcare insurance is not provided, the stage could be set for an employee to report an injury that occurred at home as actually occurring at work in order for it to be compensated through workers compensation. Vacation time could also be an issue. If sufficient vacation time is not provided, an anployee might fraudulently report a back injury in order to receive time away from work. 

Much like in the US, the European system for worker s compensation and healthcare cover is organized at the national (compared with state) level, the EU not having much of a formal role to play in this policy area. Cover is typically more generous than in the US, although it is impossible to generalize on this issue. 

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