Word bond graph

The underlying idea of incremental bond graphs is that if a parameter 0 of a component model varies, then both power variables at its port are perturbed due to its interaction with the ports of other elements in the model. That is, an effort (f) in a bond graph with nominal parameters becomes e t) = en t) + Ae t). The same holds for the conjugate power variable /(r). In incremental bond graphs, bonds carry the increments Aeif), Af(l) of power variables. In other words, they represent energy flows carrying the amount of power Ae t) Af(t). 

A graph of the proportion 9 against the (equilibrium) concentration of adsorbate is also called an isotherm. (This dual usage of the word can cause some confusion.) A typical adsorption isotherm is shown in the schematic diagram in Figure 10.2, and shows how the proportion 9 of occupied sites increases quite fast initially as the concentration [capsaicin] increases. Above a certain concentration of adsorbate, however, the amount of capsaicin adsorbed does not increase but remains constant. In this example, the maximum value of 9 is about unity. In other words, all the possible adsorption sites are bonded to a molecule of capsaicin - but only if the concentration of the capsaicin is huge. 

The use of alpha and beta bonds simplifies describing several familiar "inorganic" anions. Figure 7 illustrates the traditional Lewis structure of the sulfate ion, with an explanatory note that a more realistically picture (which will involve metric, as well as graph theoretical, distances [12]) is a tetrahedral resonance hybrid [13]. In other words, there are four identical oxygen atoms, each bonded by 1 and 1/2 bonds to the central sulfur atom, rather than two single and two double bonds. The name for this aggregation ... 

The only information that structural formulas provide is how a given atom is bonded (if at all) to others, or, in the words of Butlerov, how the chemical interaction is distributed . Moreover, when chemists began using the graph theory, they simplified the representation of a molecule as compared to the classical one. In distinction to a structural formula a topological graph, as a rule, has no... 

When the price/yield relationship for any hypothetical option-free bond is graphed, it exhibits the basic shape shown in Exhibit 4.9. Notice that as the required yield decreases, the price of an option-free bond increases. Conversely, as the required yield decreases, the price of an option-free bond increases. In other words, the price/yield relationship is negatively sloped. In addition, the price/yield relationship is not linear (i.e., not a straight line). The shape of the price/yield relationship for any option-free bond is referred to as convex. The price/yield relationship is for an instantaneous change in the required yield. 

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