Winter precipitation

Figures 9-12 show the spatial distribution of the anomalies of winter and summer precipitation and air temperature projected by the selected two climate scenarios. It is possible to observe that projected changes show large spatial variations within the Ebro River basin, with the largest differences for the precipitation field. In addition, in some places one RCM projects an increase whereas the other projects a decrease in the seasonal precipitation (e.g. winter precipitation on the north-western part of the catchment).

These results suggest that winter precipitation in the Gallego, although projected to increase by 4.1% and 2.2% in December and January, respectively [35], will not be enough to recharge aquifers and rivers which are likely to be depleted due to lower precipitation during the rest of the year (by as much as 52% in July). Water scarcity is therefore likely to become an increasing problem in the future, especially as temperature, and hence evapotranspiration, is projected to increase. 

Projected seasonal changes in precipitation suggest that increased storage for winter precipitation may be needed because dams which are designed to store water... 

Field transport of a persistent organochlorine (tetradifon) and a degradable organophosphorous (azinphosmethyl) insecticide was examined under dry and wet irrigation treatments followed by winter precipitation (Yaron et al. 1974). In the dry irrigation... 

Figure 6. Oxygen isotope seasonality in Asia. Strong monsoonal precipitation exists in areas where summer precipitation is more negative than winter precipitation (modified from Araguas-Araguas 1998 based on data from IAEA/WMO 2004).

In this paper, four years of winter precipitation data will be examined to provide insights into the mechanisms by which sulfur and... 

Winter precipitation was collected in Warren, MI over a four-year period. Precipitation was classified as rain, snow, or mixed rain and snow based on the Local Climatological Data from Detroit Metropolitan Airport. The volume-weighted mean concentrations are shown in Table I. The weighted standard deviations were calculated as... 

Four years of winter precipitation events were analyzed in terms of S04-- and N03- concentrations to provide information on the mechanisms by which these ions are incorporated into precipitation. N03-was higher in snow than in winter rain, as suggested by other studies. However, in this study the difference could be attributed to the lower precipitation depths associated with snows than with winter rains. There was no evidence that snow scavenged HN03 more efficiently than rain at this location. 

Figure 1. The influence of cloud termperature on the SO4—/NO3 - ratio of winter precipitation. (Reprinted with permission from ref. 14. Copyright 1987 Pergamon.)...

During evaporation at the ocean s surface, the lighter isotope, O, is preferentially released into the atmosphere because of its higher vapor pressure (Fig. 4.15). As moisture-laden clouds move inland, the heavier isotope ( O) precipitates preferentially and rain clouds become progressively depleted in as they move inland. Polar and inland rain is lighter than tropical and coastal rain summer precipitation is less depleted than winter precipitation. Since condensation is also dependent on temperature, further depletion of occurs at higher elevations and latitudes. Evaporation of... 

The permanent pressure and wind systems are most clearly visible over the ocean. Over the continents, there is seasonal reversal of pressure patterns. In the winter, with cold, heavy air masses over the continents, high pressure predominates in these areas,with diverging winds (clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere). Winter precipitation is light. In summer, pressure over the continents is low, with pre-... 

Cleaveland, M.K., D.W. Stable, M.D. Therrell, J. Villanueva-Diaz and B.T. Burns. 2003. Tree-ring reconstructed winter precipitation and tropical teleconnections in Durango, Mexico. Climatic Change 59 369-388. 

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