Williams, Charles

Submitted by Jonathan W. Williams, Charles H. Witten, and John A. Krvnitskv. 

Williams, Charles. 1930. War in Heaven. Reprint, Grand Rapids, Mich. Eerdmans,... 

Letter to Thomas Graham, as quoted by William Charles Henry, Memoirs of the Life and Scientific Researches of John Dalton (London Cavendish Society, 1854), 124. 

Gerald A. Segal, Semiempirical Methods of Electronic Structure Calculation, Pt. A Techniques, in Modern Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 7, Plenum, New York, 1977. Mark A. Ratner, John R. Sabin, and Samuel B. Trickey, Applications of Model Hamiltonians to the Electron Dynamics of Organic Charge Transfer Salts in Uncertainty Princ. Found. Quantum Mech., William Charles Price and Seymour S. Chissick, Eds., Wiley, Chichester, 1977. 

Melanie Williams, Charles E. Carraher,Jr., Fernando Medina and Mary Jo Aloi... 

William Charles Wells was the first to explain satisfactorily the phenomenon of dew. After decisive experiments on dew, he published his book. An Essay on Dew and several appearances connected with it, in London in 1815. This was the first and... 

Wells, William Charles (1757-1817) born in Sonth Carolina (USA) as son of Scottish hmni-grants, became physician, philosopher and printer. 

VI.13 To William Charles Jarvis, Sept. 28, 1820 VI.14 To Major John Cartwright, June 5, 1824... 

In a biography published the year after Henry s death, his son William Charles Henry wrote " ... 

Jonathan E. Hempel Charles H. Williams Charles C. Hong Editors... 

How would substrate preference be changed if the glycine residues in trypsin at positions 216 and 226 were changed to alanine rather than to the more bulky valine and threonine groups that are present in elastase This question was addressed by the groups of Charles Cralk, William Rutter, and Robert Fletterick in San Francisco, who have made and studied three such trypsin mutants one in which Ala is substituted for Gly at 216, one in which the same substitution is made at Gly 226, and a third containing both substitutions. 

Williams, L. Pearce (1970-1980) Michael Faraday, in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 3, ed. Gillispie, C.C. (Charles Scribner s Sons, New York) p. 527. 

Until recently, the catalytic role of Asp ° in trypsin and the other serine proteases had been surmised on the basis of its proximity to His in structures obtained from X-ray diffraction studies, but it had never been demonstrated with certainty in physical or chemical studies. As can be seen in Figure 16.17, Asp ° is buried at the active site and is normally inaccessible to chemical modifying reagents. In 1987, however, Charles Craik, William Rutter, and their colleagues used site-directed mutagenesis (see Chapter 13) to prepare a mutant trypsin with an asparagine in place of Asp °. This mutant trypsin possessed a hydrolytic activity with ester substrates only 1/10,000 that of native trypsin, demonstrating that Asp ° is indeed essential for catalysis and that its ability to immobilize and orient His is crucial to the function of the catalytic triad. 

Charles Algernon Parsons was born in London on June 13, 1854, the son of a wealthy, aristocratic Anglo-Irish family that was scientifically veiy distinguished. His father, William Parsons (third Earl of Rosse), a member of parliament, was an engineer, astronomer, and telescope-maker who had built the largest telescope in the world. His mother, Mary Countess of Rosse, best remembered as a photographer, was adept at architectural design and cast-iron foundry work. 

Seebeck s outstanding scientific achievement was the discovei"y of one of the three classical thermoelectric effects, which are the Seebeck, the Peltier, and the Thomson effects. Seebeck s discovery was the first, dating from 1822—1823, followed by that of Jean-Charles-Athanase Peltier in 1832 and that of William Thomson in 1854. Seebeck obseiwed that an electric current in a closed circuit comprised different metallic components if he heated the junctions of the components to different temperatures. He noted that the effect increases linearly with the applied temperature difference and that it crucially depends on the choice of materials. Seebeck tested most of the available metallic materials for thermoelectricity. His studies were further systematized by the French physicist... 

See also Parsons, Charles Algernon Rankine, William John Macquorn Steam Engines Turbines, Gas Turbines, Wind. 

Charles Cayen, and Richard Bincham 1 Checked by William G. Dauben and Charles Dale Poulter... 

Submitted by Charles S. Davis and Ghy S. Lougheed 1 Checked by William E. Parham, Wayland E. Noland, and Edward E. Paschke... 

Submitted by Edwin M. Kaiser, William G. Kenvon, and Charles R. Haoser 1... 

Submitted by Sandba Boatman and Charles R. Hauser 1 Checked by E. J. Corev and William E. Russey... 

Checked by F. A. Souto-Bachiller, S. Masahtoe, Charles J. Talkowski, and William A. Sheppard... 

We would like to thank David Firestone of the Division of Chemistry and Physics, FDA for providing us with samples of TCDD, Klaus Bie-mann and Charles Hignite of the Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology for assistance in the early stages of this work, David Parrish of the Department of Chemistry, Harvard University for assistance in developing the MS—9—CAT system, and William Doering of the Department of Chemistry, Harvard University for the use of laboratory facilities. This work was supported by the Herbicide Assess-... 

Ph.D., performed the computer programming and statistical analysis. Candace Young and Frieda Fisher helped with data management. William Bax, Joseph Wade, Charles Bennett, Gertie King, Dennis Miles, Jimmie Pickett, Frank Porter, Deborah Richardson, and Alice Roberts collected urine samples. 

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