Wild harvesting

Whitfield FB, Helidoniotis F, Shaw KJ, Svoronos D (1997) Distribution of Bromophenols in Australian Wild-Harvested and Cultivated Prawns (Shrimp). J Agric Food Chem 45 4398... 

Plants grown from wild-harvested seeds in a greenhouse. 

Adapted from Binns et al. (2002a). Estimated total alkamide levels. Plants grown from wild-harvested seeds in a greenhouse. 

Meat samples from wild harvested subadult and adult alligators in south Louisiana had low Hg levels, averaging 0.131 pg g-1 [32], The highest level detected (0.386 pg g-1) is much lower than the FDA action level for safe human consumption of fish flesh (Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, 1998). Samples of both sexes from southwest Louisiana were significantly higher (0.176 pg g-1) than those from southeast Louisiana (0.098 pg g 1). No difference was seen between males and females pooled from all sites. The average alligator meat Hg level in Louisiana (0.131 pgg-1) was lower than values reported in other southeastern states and presents no public health concern. 

September 1993 Commission Regulation (EEC) No. 608/93. Integrated into Annex II and III Wild products, use of calcium chloride and inspection rales for importers Introduction of rales and inspection requirements for wild harvested products, the addition of calcium chloride to Annex IIA and rales for inspection of importers... 

In traditional medicinal practices, wild-harvested mycelia are considered to have higher therapeutic benefits and, therefore, command higher prices than cultivated fungus. Native occurrence of the fungus is confined to the highlands of the Himalayan region, in addition to some provinces of China with cold, arid environments. Several mycelial formation products grown in artificial media are available commercially as health food supplements in the United States and Canada. 

The raw plant material would initially be purchased from landowners from wild harvested sources but should long term potential be established, then landowners would be encouraged to grow these plants under some form of cultivation using improved planting material. 

Keywords ecosystem conservation, management programs, medicinal plants, sustainable agriculture, threatened species, wild harvest. 

Nevertheless, sustainable cultivation of MP may reduce wild harvesting and this may result in improving the developing countries economy, the cultural identity and livelihood security, and may gradually reduce the MP threatened species (Schippmann, 1997 Pinheiro, 1997 Mander, 1998). Among the actions to take in order to improve the sustainable agriculture of MP are ... 

By 1970, in the wake of efforts to capitalize on the newly realized medicinal value of podophyllotoxin for Western medicine, more than 130 tons of Podophyllum rhizomes were needed in the US annually to satisfy the demand for the compound [6]. This plant material was wild-harvested from the understory of oak and hickory forests of the eastern and central US. In 1974, mayapple was considered a common plant with a natural habitat extending from South Carolina to Maine along the Atlantic coast in the East, to eastern Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas beyond the Mississippi basin in the West, and as far North as Lake Michigan [6]. Today, mayapple is commonly seen along roadsides and can still be abundantly found in other readily accessible areas within its natural range. Several... 

There are reports of nncomfortably high levels of cyanotoxins in some seafood, bnt this mainly relates to wild aquatic animals or laboratory trials. For example, a bloom of N. spumigena in the Gippsland lakes area of sonthem Victoria, Anstralia, in 2001 posed a threat to the health of consumers. Hepatotoxin concentrations in wild mnssels and marine prawn tissne were at or above acceptable levels and wild harvest of seafood was restricted (Van Buynder et al., 2001). For microcystins... 

This offers a number of advantages over wild harvest for the production of essential oils ... 

In many countries, the food industries utilise a wide range of algae, which are well known to have high contents of fibers, minerals, vitamins and different antioxidants. In the last few decades, emphasis has moved from wild harvesting to farming and controlled cultivation for the production of valuable new products on a large scale. 

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