Whitened layer

Lawrence and Ducharme [489] have described a fast, simplified method for the detection of fluorescent whiteners in polymers, in which the polymer dissolution was applied directly to the thin layer. Also the separation of optical brighteners (Leucopur EGM, Azur 4, Azur 5, Hostalux ABC, Uvitex OB, Eastobrite OB) from plastics and migration into water and olive oil was studied by HPTLC on RP-18 silica using various mobile phase mixtures and UV detection [490]. 

Film formers are used to coat food by providing it with a protective layer and so making it more attractive in appearance or increasing its palatability. Film formers may not impart flavor or mouth feel of their own to the food. Examples are starches to coat proteins to prevent Maillard reactions, mineral oils to seal pores of eggs, and sodium caseinate to encapsulate fat in whiteners. 

Fig. 5.8. Side view of the detached floating trilayer of O at Ru(OOOf), corresponding to the most stable geometry with = 3 ML. The left half of the figure shows the schematic geometry together with the relative layer expansions compared to the bulk distance, and the right half shows the calculated electron density. Ru = large spheres, O = small spheres, and Ru atoms not lying in the shown plane are whitened (from [36])...

Low-Speed Deformation. Dijkstra et al. (13, 19) and Janik et al. (18) showed that in samples fractured in a slow-speed notched tensile impact, the stress-whitened zone has two layers. Far from the fracture plane a cavitated structure is present, with cavities in the rubber particles (Figure 12, top). In particular, the bigger particles seem to be cavitated and the particles less than 100 xm are not. In the layer next to the fracture plane, the cavities are strong-... 

Milling of rice is different from that of some of the other cereals in that there is usually no grinding step to produce a powder. Milling involves removal of the hull and bran layers of the rough rice kernel (paddy). Hulled rice (brown rice) is composed of surface bran (6-7% by weight), endosperm (about 90%), and embryo (2-3%). Milling of brown rice uses abrasion and friction between kernels to produce polished or whitened rice, where some 8-10% of the mass (mainly bran) has been removed. 

Pour types of failure are defined C—complete break specimen separates into one or more pieces. H—hinge break an incomplete break such that both parts of the specimen are only held together by a thin peripheral layer in the form of a hinge. P—partial break an incomplete break which does meet the definition for a hinge break. NB—nonbreak in the case of the nonbreak, the specimen is only bent and passed through, possibly combined with stress whitening. ... 

In spite of the inclusion of considerable amounts of elastomeric polymer components in the polymer composition, the multi-layer structure is not whitened when subjected to stress deformation and exhibits excellent clarity. This feature has never been achieved by allowing an elastomeric component to be present as a core. 

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