Wheat systems

Cuperas, G.W., Noyes, R.T., Fargo, W.S., Clary, B.L., Arnold, D.C., and Anderson, K. 1990. Management practices in a high risk stored wheat system in Oklahoma. Am. Entomol. 36,129-134. 

Predicted 100 year change in the profile distribntion of Cd of the Orthic Chemozemic soils studied based on a dnrnm wheat system nnder annnal cropping and applications of low, medium, and high Cd-bearing phosphate fertilizers (McArthnr, 2001)... 

Employing wood chips, Cowan s drying studies indicated that the volumetric heat-transfer coefficient obtainable in a spouted bed is at least twice that in a direct-heat rotaiy diyer. By using 20- to 30-mesh Ottawa sand, fluidized and spouted beds were compared. The volumetric coefficients in the fluid bed were 4 times those obtained in a spouted bed. Mathur dried wheat continuously in a 12-in-diameter spouted bed, followed by a 9-in-diameter spouted-bed cooler. A diy-ing rate of roughly 100 Ib/h of water was obtained by using 450 K inlet air. Six hundred pounds per hour of wheat was reduced from 16 to 26 percent to 4 percent moisture. Evaporation occurred also in the cooler by using sensible heat present in the wheat. The maximum diy-ing-bed temperature was 118°F, and the overall thermal efficiency of the system was roughly 65 percent. Some aspec ts of the spouted-bed technique are covered by patent (U.S. Patent 2,786,280). 

Other bioanalytical applications of systems in which the eluate of a first LC column is sampled in continuous and repetitive intervals and subjected to a second LC dimension are, for example, described by Wheatly et a/. (11) and Matsuoka et al. (12). Wheatly coupled gradient affinity LC with RPLC for the determination of the isoenzymatic- and subunit composition of glutathione 5-transferses in cytosol... 

McGowan, M., Blanch, P., Gregory, P.J. Haycock, D. (1984). Water relations of winter wheat. 5. The root system and osmotic adjustment in relation to crop evaporation. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 102, 415-25. 

Croizier A, Baudouin E, Bihain B, Moneret-Vautrin DA Interest of ImmunoCAP system to recombi- 34 nant omega-5 ghadin for the diagnosis of exercise-induced wheat allergy Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2008 149 74-80. 

Enhancement of the catalytic activity of the wheat germ, cell-free, protein synthesis system using a fortified translation extract... 

A wheat germ, cell-free, translation extract was fractionated into three concentrated parts using ammonium sulfate the 0 - 40 % saturated fraction, the 40 - 60 % saturated fraction, and the ribosome fraction. These fractions were tested for their ability to enhance the translational activity of the wheat germ, cell-free extract for dihydrofolate reductase. The fortified cell-free system supplemented with the 0 - 40 % ammonium sulfate fraction enhanced the efficiency of protein synthesis by 50 %. 

Fig. 1. Reconstruction of the cell-free protein synthesizing system with the partially purified wheat germ extracts. Control normal wheat germ cell-free system, (I) 0 - 40 % ammonium sulfate fraction 3 pi, 40 - 60 % ammonium sulfate fraction 4 pi, and ribosome 3 pi were added to 25 pi reaction mixture, (II) 0-40 % ammonium sulfate fraction 4 pi, 40 - 60 % ammonium sulfate fraction 4 pi, and ribosome 1.5 pi were added to 25 pi reaction mixture.

The catalytic activities of the fortified wheat germ cell-free systems supplemented with each fraction were investigated (Fig. 2). As shown in Fig. 2, only 0 - 40 % ammonium sulfate fraction showed an enhancement in DHFR protein synthesis. This enhancement of protein experimental results and the fact that the various eukaryotic initiation factors are contained in synthesis was also confirmed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography (Fig. 3). From the above 0-40 % ammonium sulfate fraction [5, 6], it can be concluded that the amount of initiation factors in a conventionally prepared wheat germ cell-fi extract is deficient for the translation of DHFR with internal ribosome entry site. Therefore, it needs to supplement a wheat germ cell-free extract with the fraction containing the limited initiation factors for the efficient protein translation, and this fortified cell-free system can be easily made by simple... 

Fig. 3. Autoradiograph of SDS-PAGE of in vitro translated dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in the wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis systems with (n) 4 pi of ribosome fiaction, (III) 4 pi of 0 -40 % ammonium sulfate fraction, or (IV) 4 pi of 40 - 60% ammonium sulfate fraction, respectively. Lane I is control dihydrofolate reductase produced in the normal wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system.

Extrusion-cooking of cell-wall rich products (e.g. wheat bran, apple pomace, citrus peels, sugar-beet pulp, pea hulls.) led to an important solubilisation of polysaccharides of various types without extensive degradation of the polymeric structure. The possibility of obtaining gelled systems directly with the extruded pectin-rich materials was demonstrated. 

---