What Is Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis (Greek hudor, water lyein, separate) is a chemical process whereby a bond (or bonds) in a molecule is broken by its reaction with water. In hydrolysis, the water molecule is also typically spht into and OH . 

Low-molecular-weight acid chlorides react very rapidly with water to form carboxylic acids and HCl  

Higher-molecular-weight acid chlorides are less soluble and consequently react less rapidly with water. 

Acid anhydrides are generally less reactive than acid chlorides. The lower-molecular-weight anhydrides, however, react readily with water to form two molecules of carboxylic acid  

Hydrolysis of esters may also be carried out with hot aqueous base, such as aqueous NaOH. Hydrolysis of esters in aqueous base is often called saponification, a reference to the use of this reaction in the manufacture of soaps (Section 19.2A). Each mole of ester hydrolyzed requires 1 mole of base, as shown in the following balanced equation  

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What is hydrolysis What compounds would the hydrolysis of TeCl2 produce ... 

What is hydrolysis Compare cation and anion hydrolysis. 

East Indian sandalwood oil contains a hydrocarbon given the name santene (C9H14) Ozona tion of santene followed by hydrolysis gives compound A What is the structure of santene" ... 

Sabinene and carene are isomeric natural products with the molecular formula CjoHig (a) Ozonolysis of sabinene followed by hydrolysis in the presence of zinc gives compound A What IS the structure of sabinene" What other compound is formed on ozonolysis" (b) Ozonoly SIS of A carene followed by hydrolysis in the presence of zinc gives compound B What is the structure of A carene" ... 

Hydrolysis of a compound A in dilute aqueous hydrochlonc acid gave (along with methanol) a compound B mp 164—165°C Compound B had the molecular formula CigHig04 it exhibited hydroxyl absorption in its IR spectrum at 3550 cm but had no peaks in the carbonyl region What IS a reasonable structure for compound B" ... 

The hydrolysis of p bromotoluene with aqueous sodium hydroxide at 300°C yields m methylphenol and p methylphenol in a 5 4 ratio What is the meta—para ratio for the same reac tion carried out on p chlorotoluene" ... 

Hydrolysis of cinenn I gives an optically active carboxylic acid (+) chrysanthemic acid Ozonolysis of (+) chrysanthemic acid followed by oxidation gives acetone and an optically active dicarboxyhc acid (—) caronic acid (C7H10O4) What is the struc ture of (—) caronic acid" Are the two carboxyl groups cis or trans to each other What does this information tell you about the structure of (+) chrysanthemic acid" ... 

The concentration of phenylacetate can be determined from the kinetics of its pseudo-first-order hydrolysis reaction in an ethylamine buffer. When a standard solution of 0.55 mM phenylacetate is analyzed, the concentration of phenylacetate after 60 s is found to be 0.17 mM. When an unknown is analyzed, the concentration of phenylacetate remaining after 60 s is found to be 0.23 mM. What is the initial concentration of phenylacetate in the unknown ... 

In classical examples of kinetics, such as the hydrolysis of cane sugar by acids in water solution, the reaction takes hours to approach completion. Therefore Whilhelmy (1850) could study it successfially one and a half centuries ago. Gone are those days. What is left to study now are the fast and strongly exothermic or endothermic reactions. These frequently require pressure equipment, some products are toxic, and some conditions are explosive, so the problems to be solved will be more difficult. All of them require better experimental equipment and techniques. 

The hydrolysis of 3-ethoxy-4-ethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-4-en-7-one propylene acetal (1) with aqueous acetic acid in tetrahydrofiiran gives an oil with the molecular formula CnH/gOi, from which the INADEQUATE contour plot 22 and DEPT spectra were obtained. What is the compound ... 

Merck and Maeder have patented the manufacture of arecaidine by loss of water from l-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine-3-carboxylic acid. A method of producing the latter has been describd by Mannich and Veit and has been developed by Ugriumov for the production of arecaidine and arecoline. With the same objective, Dankova, Sidorova and Preobrachenski use what is substantially McElvain s process,but start by converting ethylene oxide, via the chlorohydrin and the cyanohydrin, into -chloropropionic acid. The ethyl ester of this with methylamine in benzene at 140° furnishes methylbis(2-carbethoxyethyl) amine (I) which on refluxing with sodium or sodium Moamyloxide in xylene yields l-methyl-3-carbethoxy-4-piperidone (II). The latter is reduced by sodium amalgam in dilute hydrochloric acid at 0° to l-methyl-3-carbethoxy-4-hydroxypiperidine (III) which on dehydration, and hydrolysis, yields arecaidine (IV R = H), convertible by methylation into arecoline (IV R = CH3). 

These rate constants are for the hydrolysis of cinnamic anhydride in carbonate buffer, pH 8.45, total buffer concentration 0.024 M, in the presence of the catalysts pyridine, A -methylimidazole (NMIM), or 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). In the absence of added catalyst, but the presence of buffer, the rate constant was 0.005 24 s . You may assume that only the conjugate base form of each catalyst is catalytically effective. Calculate the catalytic rate constant for the three catalysts. What is the catalytic power of NMIM and of DMAP relative to pyridine ... 

Fructose is present outside a cell at 1 /iM concentration. An active transport system in the plasma membrane transports fructose into this cell, using the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to drive fructose uptake. Assume that one fructose is transported per ATP hydrolyzed, that ATP is hydrolyzed on the intracellular surface of the membrane, and that the concentrations of ATP, ADP, and Pi are 3 mM, 1 mM, and 0.5 mM, respectively. T = 298 K. What is the highest intracellular concentration of fructose that this transport system can generate Hint Kefer to Chapter 3 to recall the effects of concentration on free energy of ATP hydrolysis.)... 

Much of what is known about the chymotrypsin mechanism is based on studies of the hydrolysis of artificial substrates—simple organic esters, such as /Miitrophenylacetate, and methyl esters of amino acid analogs, such as... 

Nitriles, R—C=N, undergo a hydrolysis reaction when heated with aqueous acid. What is the structure of the compound produced by hydrolysis of propane-nitrile, Cll3CH2C=N, if it has IR absorptions at 2500 to 3100 cm-1 and 1710 cm-1 and has M+ = 74 ... 

Write the mechanism of the hydrolysis of t/s-5,6-epoxydecane by reaction with aqueous acid. What is the stereochemistry of the product, assuming norma] backside SK2 attack ... 

What is the stereochemistry of the product from acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of t/wrs-S,6-epoxydecane How does the product differ from that formed in Problem 18.33 ... 

On complete hydrolysis, a polypeptide gives two alanine, one leucine, one methionine, one phenylalanine, and one valine residue. Partial hydrolysis gives the following fragments Ala-Phe, Leu-Met, Val-Ala, Phe-Leu. It is known that the first amino acid in the sequence is valine and the last one is methionine. What is the complete sequence of amino acids ... 

A 1.00-mg sample of a pure protein yielded on hydrolysis 0.0165 mg of leucine and 0.0248 mg of isoleucine. What is the minimum possible molar mass of the protein (MM leucine = MM isoleucine = 131 g/mol)... 

For the hydrolysis of acetyl phosphate under the conditions prevailing in the body, AG = —41 kj-mol. If the phosphorylation of acetic acid (the reverse of the hydrolysis of acetyl phosphate) was driven by coupling to the hydrolysis of ATP at pH = 7, what is the minimum amount of ATP molecules (in moles) that would have to be hydrolyzed to form... 

While much is now known about the function, structure, and mechanism of PLCj,-, there remain numerous unanswered questions. For example, it is well documented that PLCSc preferentially hydrolyzes micellular substrates and monomeric substrates with longer acyl side chains. However, the basis for the discontinuity in the rate of hydrolysis that is observed at the critical micelle concentration of the substrate is unknown as is the reason for the increase in the Km for soluble substrates as the length of the acyl side chains decrease. What is... 

An aqueous solution of methyl acetate (A) enters a CSTR at a rate of 0.5 L s 1 and a concentration (cAo) of 0.2 mol L-1. The tank is initially filled with 2000 L of water so that material flows out at a rate of 0.5 L s 1. A negligibly small stream of HCI (catalyst) is added to the entering solution of acetate so that the concentration of acid in the tank is maintained at 0.1 mol L-1, in which case the hydrolysis of acetate occurs at a rate characterized by kA = 1.1 I 10-4 s-1. What is the concentration of acetate in the outlet stream at the end of 30 min, and what is the eventual steady-state concentration ... 

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