Wetting and drying experiments

Table I. Description of Minerals1 Used in Wetting and Drying Experiments...

Table III. Structural Formulae for Smectites Used in Wetting and Drying Experiments, Based on 0io(OH)2 [Formulae Calculated from Data in Table II, Unless Noted Otherwise]... 

Studies of dynamics in wet and dry carbohydrates have also been performed. Slow motions of polysaccharide chains in native starch and retrograding starch gels were monitored with two-dimensional 2H exchange and stimulated echo experiments.117 The effects of hydration on the dynamics of /j-cyclodextrin polymers have been examined with 13C T and H T p measurements,118 and WISE experiments were used to probe the effects of hydration on polysaccharide chains in maize starch forms A and B.119... 

In August, 1983, members of the Research Staff of Ford Motor Company carried out a field experiment at two rural sites in southwestern Pennsylvania involving various aspects of the acid deposition phenomenon. This presentation will focus on the wet (rain) deposition during the experiment, as well as the relative importance of wet and dry deposition processes for nitrate and sulfate at the sites. Other aspects of the experiment have been discussed elsewhere the chemistry of dew and its role in acid deposition (1), the dry deposition of HNO3 and SO2 to surrogate surfaces (2), and the role of elemental carbon in light absorption and of the latter in visibility degradation (3). 

Figure 3.3. Schematic of a microarray experiment. (A) Experimental design incorporating both biological and technical replication. There are three treated mice and three control mice, providing biological replication. RNA from each mouse is labeled with each dye and hybridized more than once, providing technical replication. The hybridization design uses a loop design as shown in Figure 3.2. (B) Outline of the wet and dry lab steps involved in a microarray experiment. See color insert.

In this paper, we describe an onsite weathering experiment designed to identify acid-rain increased dissolution of carbonate rock. This experiment is based on the measurement of the change in rainfall-runoff composition from the interaction of a rock surface with incident acid rain 2. The experiment involves conducting long-term exposures of two commercially and culturally important calcium carbonate dimension stones (i.e., Indiana Limestone (commercial name for Salem Limestone) and Vermont Marble (commercial name for Shelburne Marble)) (3-5). This technique appears to give a direct measurement of the chemical dissolution of carbonate rock from the combined reactions of wet and dry deposition. Preliminary results from the initial months of onsite operation are presented to illustrate the technique. 

FIGURE 4.19 Pressure-temperature phase diagram showing the results of the thermal modeling experiment of Peacock et al. (1994) for the subduction of ocean crust at a rate of 1 cm/yr. The curves labeled 0 Ma to 50 Ma show the P-T path for subducted ocean floor 0-50 Ma old. Also shown are the wet and dry solidi for basalt melting and the hornblende-out curve. It can be seen that only the P-T trajectories of young ocean floor intersect the wet basalt solidus (after Rollinson, 2006). 

The analysis of a proteome, described as the ensemble of the proteins expressed by a genome in a given tissue, for a given organism at a given time, requires to use and to combine a number of procedures, both experimental (wet-lab experiments) and bioinformatics (dry-lab experiments). Due to the chemical and physical complexity of proteomes, various methodological approaches have to be considered. Nevertheless, a consensus principle of proteome analysis can be described as in Figure 4.1. This linear pathway includes most of the wet- and dry-lab steps required for the complete analysis of a proteome. 

With one component systems like plastic crystals [14] or liquid crystals [f4, 15] the experimental situation is rather simple since only the nuclei of interest contribute to the spectra With a composite system like water absorbed in a membrane, it is important to be able to separate the contribution to the scattered intensity from the water, and from the polymer. A useful indication on the relative intensities of these contributions may be obtained by comparison between the neutron diffraction patterns of the wet and dry membranes. This is because the intensity of the diffraction curve at a given Q value is approximately the integral over the energy of the NQES spectrum at the same Q. This is why it is often useful to make a neutron diffraction experiment before performing the quasielastic study. 

Diffraction experiments were performed on the DIB diffractometer of the ILL. Fig. 12 shows the results for the wet and dry samples. The spectra are very similar to those obtained by X-rays [7]. Their mairij feature is the existence of a broad peak between 0.9 and 1.4 A which is due to the lateral packing of the polymer chain. This broad peak is usually decomposed into a broad and a sharp component, as schematically indicated by a dashed line on the spectrum of the dry sample. The components are... 

---