Indiana limestone

The significance of this particular solubility is spectacularly demonstrated by comparing the earth with its sister planet, Venus. The atmospheric pressure at the surface of Venus is nearly a hundred times greater than at the surface of the earth, and the Cytherean atmosphere itself is more than 96 percent carbon dioxide. The earth s atmosphere would be similar if the oceans had not dissolved the carbon dioxide and precipitated the excess in the form of limestone. One can scarcely begin to imagine the tons of Indiana limestone resting on our shoulders if the earth, like Venus, had no oceans. 

In this paper, we describe an onsite weathering experiment designed to identify acid-rain increased dissolution of carbonate rock. This experiment is based on the measurement of the change in rainfall-runoff composition from the interaction of a rock surface with incident acid rain 2. The experiment involves conducting long-term exposures of two commercially and culturally important calcium carbonate dimension stones (i.e., Indiana Limestone (commercial name for Salem Limestone) and Vermont Marble (commercial name for Shelburne Marble)) (3-5). This technique appears to give a direct measurement of the chemical dissolution of carbonate rock from the combined reactions of wet and dry deposition. Preliminary results from the initial months of onsite operation are presented to illustrate the technique. 

Elemental Analysis of Simulated Acid Rain Stripping of Indiana Limestone, Marble, and Bronze... 

Recent precipitation parameters common to Indiana have been used to establish the experimental criteria ( ). These included such data as acid content, meteorological data and conditions, chemical composition of the precipitation, etc. Only one degradation parameter was focused upon the cause and effect interaction of pure in leaching structural materials common in Indiana, including bronze, marble, and Indiana limestone. Quantitative data on the contribution of can then be selectively isolated from the overall effects of the complex environmental matrix. With this initial step, the effects of further matrix components (whether cations, anions, or compounds), acting both individually and/or syner-gistically, can then be pursued. 

Figure 16. The effect of solid surface charge on adsorption of anionic and amphoteric surfactants. Key SS, Berea sandstone LS, Indiana limestone and Dolo, Baker dolomite. (Reproduced with permission from reference 12. Copyright 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers.)...

Mineral Berea Sandstone Indiana Limestone Baker Dolomite... 

We subjected specimens of Indiana Limestone to this test, but by forcing the solution into pore space by the use of a vacuum pump. We determined that the grains began to dissociate in the second cycle immediately after the specimen had been placed in the solution 0.68% salt — by wt. of dry specimen — was adequate to cause the failure of the stone. A repeated cycling of much lesser quantity of an efflorescence such as calcium sulfate as given in Table III shall be adequate to cause disruption of stone structures. 

Koskimies K, Pyykko I, Starck J, Inaba R (1992) Vibration syndrome among Finnish forest workers between 1972 and 1990. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 64 251-256 Leake JP (1918) Health hazards from the use of the air hammer in cutting Indiana limestone. Public Health Rep 3 379-393 Lewis T (1930) Observations upon the reactions of the vessels of the human skin to cold. Heart 15 177-208 Lindblad LE, Ekenvall L (1990) Alpha2-adrenoceptor inhibition in patients with vibration white fingers. Kurume Med J 37[Suppl] 95-99... 

Figure 14. Illustration of the effect on surface electrokinetic charge of adsorbing increasing amounts of Dow XS84321.05, an anionic surfactant, onto the surfaces of Indiana limestone particles in a high salinity, 2.1% total dissolved solids, brine solution. Plotted from data reported in reference [172].

Anionic Surfactant Blend and Amphoteric Surfactants onto Berea Sandstone, Indiana Limestone, Baker Dolomite, and Quartz. The first study to be presented examined the adsorption behavior of two amphoteric surfactants, a betaine (Empigen BT) and a sulfobetaine (Varion CAS) and a 50 50 blend of a Cio diphenyl ether disulfonate (DOWFAX 3B2), and a Ci4 i6 ot-olefm sulfonate [11]. The anionic surfactant blend was designated as DOW XS84321.05. The Cio diphenyl ether disulfonate surfactant is one isomer in a suite of surfactants which differ in their degree of alkylation and sulfonation and in their chain lengths. This suite consists of monoalkyl disulfonates (MADS), dialkyl disulfonates (DADS), monoalkyl monosulfonates (MAMS), and... 

The adsorption studies were conducted on core samples of Berea sandstone, Indiana limestone, Baker dolomite, and quartz sand from three brines (a sodium chloride solution of 2.32% and two synthetic reservoir brines with total dissolved solids of 2.1 and 10.5%). Conclusions were based on the maximum or plateau adsorption values obtained, and these values are shown in Table 1. 

---