Weight loads

Internal fittings plates (plus the fluid on the plates) heating and cooling coils. 

Auxiliary equipment which is not self-supported condensers, agitators. 

The weight of liquid to fill the vessel. The vessel will be filled with water for the hydraulic pressure test and may fill with process liquid due to misoperation. 

Note for vessels on a skirt support (see Section 13.9.2), the weight of the liquid to fill the vessel will be transferred directly to the skirt. 

The weight of the vessel and fittings can be calculated from the preliminary design sketches. The weights of standard vessel components heads, shell plates, manways, branches and nozzles, are given in various handbooks Megyesy (2001) and Brownell and Young (1959). 

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Following the invention of the hydrauHc press in 1795 (3), the use of hydrauHcs expanded rapidly during the nineteenth century. The weight-loaded accumulator, invented ca 1850, was used to store energy in hydrauHc systems. The elementary press circuit has several parts that are common to all hydrauHc systems a reservoir, a pump, piping, control valves, a motor, which in this case is a hydrauHc cylinder or ram, and the hydrauHc fluid. By ca 1860 hydrauHc presses were used for forging, and an adjustable-speed hydrauHc transmission was perfected in 1906 (2). The manufacture of hydrauHcahy actuated machines attained industrial importance after 1920. 

Gear elements must be multiplane and dynamically balanced. Where keys are used in couplings, half keys must be in place. The maximum allowable unbalanced force at maximum continuous speed should not exceed 10% of static weight load on the journal. The maximum allowable residual unbalance in the plane of each journal is calculated using the following relationship... 

Vacuum Relief and Combined Pressure-Vacuum Relief for Low Pressure Conditions normally used for low pressures such as 1 ounce water to 1.5 psig above atmospheric by special spring or dead weight loading and for vacuum protection such as 0.5 psi below atmospheric. Usually these conditions are encountered in large process, crude oil, ammonia, etc., storage tanks. See later section covering this topic. 

Foundations must be designed to take the weight loads and overturning moments without transmitting vibration to other equipment and buildings. 

Note that must be calculated using the true mud specific weight loaded with cuttings. 

Because of the alternating movement of pistons and other components, reciprocating compressors often develop a shaking that alternates in direction. This force must be damped and contained by the mounting. The foundation also must support the weight load of the compressor and its driver. 

Dead-weight loading (with or without the assistance of levers to reduce the load requirements) of tensile specimens has the advantage of avoiding some of the difficulties already discussed, not the least in allowing accurate determination of the stress if the specimen is uniaxially loaded. The relatively massive machinery usually required for such tests upon specimens of appreciable cross section is sometimes circumvented by the use of a... 

The technique had to be scaleable to S5mthesize large quantities with controllable weight loadings. 

In this section we will discuss two studies that were performed to investigate factors which may effect particle size control (1) the type of support material and (2) the weight loading. 

These particle size distributions reveal that the average Pt particle size for all three samples prepared by sputtering was about 1.6 nm and independent of weight loading. 

Increasing the weight loading of the sample results in an increase in the number of particles, but up to 11 wt% has little effect on the particle size distribution. 

Weights, loadings, distances, contributions and precisions from CFA applied to Table 32.10... 

Thermal expansion is a major factor to be considered in the design of piping systems. The reaction load due to pressure drop will normally be negligible. The dead-weight loads can be carried by properly designed supports. 

A much thicker wall will be needed at the column base to withstand the wind and dead weight loads. 

The skirt thickness must be sufficient to withstand the dead-weight loads and bending moments imposed on it by the vessel it will not be under the vessel pressure. 

The skirt thickness should be such that under the worst combination of wind and dead-weight loading the following design criteria are not exceeded ... 

The maximum dead weight load on the skirt will occur when the vessel is full of water. 

Figure 11.9. Nominal weight loadings of the synthesized catalysts are indicated by the circles in this diagram of a three dimensional box. The solid filled circle indicates the nominal weight loading of a catalyst synthesized four times to verify reproducibility.

In this equation, Y is the catalyst performance, the variables X and ni are normalized variables representing the reaction conditions and catalyst s metal weight loadings, respectively. The model coefficients C, a , and (3 , are functions of the catalyst composition, as shown in Eqns (6) and (7), where m.j refers to the nominal weight loading of Pt, Ba, or Fe. The equation for (3 takes the same form as Eqns (6) and (7). 

The single catalyst models for initial NO storage/reduction were then extended to include the catalyst composition, as shown by Eqns (5), (6) and (7). This general model included the nominal weight loadings of Pt, Ba, and Fe, in addition to the five reaction... 

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