Wearable biosensors electrochemical

Figure 6.2 Wearable biosensors for epidermal glucose and lactate assessments, (a) The electrochemical reactions involved in glucose and lactate measurements, (b) Real-time noninvasive lactate sensing in human perspiration during exercise events using a flexible printed temporary-transfer tattoo electrochemical biosensor that conforms to the wearer s skin (Adapted with permission from Jia, W., Bandodkar, A.J., Valdes-Ramirez, G., Windmiller, J.R., Yang, Z, Ramirez, J-, Chan, G., Wang, J., 2013. Electrochemical tattoo biosensors for real-time noninvasive lactate monitoring in human perspiration. Anal. Chem. 85, 6553-6560 Copyright (2013) American Chemical Society.).

As mentioned in the previous section, to integrate biosensors into the POC concept, portable, practical, fast, and sensitive biosensor systems must be developed. In this manner, microfluidic analytical platforms and LOCs are two systems that suit this approach. Systems like wearable biosensors and microarrays will not be discussed in this chapter Instead, application of medical electrochemical biosensors to LOC platforms will be discussed. 

One major interesting application of Biosensor has been the development of a wearable artificial pancreas and the studies associated with development. This devise has never reached the market stage even if several scientists addressed the problem and demonstrated the possibility to resolve it. In 1976 Clemens et al incorporated an electrochemical glucose biosensor in a bedside artificial pancreas . It was later marketed by Miles (Elkhart) as the Biostator Glucose-Controlled Insulin Infusion System (60 Kg, 42 x 46 x 46 cm) (Rg. 1). 

WindmiUer, J.R., Wang, J., 2013. Wearable electrochemical sensors and biosensors a review. Electroanalysis 25, 29—46. 

Wireless biosensors for implantable or wearable sensors will be discussed in this chapter. The biosensors incorporating electrical measurements such as electrochemical transduction mechanism [potentiometric, amperometric, and field-effect transistor (FET)] and electrical transduction mechanism (resistance, capacitance, and inductance)... 

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