Wave plates

Katz (R-16) also siwdied wave-plate impingement separators (Fig. 14-Il0b) made up of 90° formed arcs with an 11.1-mm (0.44-iu) radius auda 3.8-mm (0.15-iu) clearance between sheets. The pressure drop is a function of system geometiy. The pressure drop for Katz s system and collection efficiency for seven waves are shown in Fig. 14-111. Katz used the Souders-Brown expression to define a design velocity for the gas between the waves ... 

Pressure drop and collection efficiency of a wave-plate separator, (a) Pressure drop, (h) Efficiency clearance between sheets. (Katz, M.S. thesis, Pennsylvania State Univeisity, 195S. )... 

The crossed polarizer effects of both types are used in analysis work. The concentration of optically active organic materials is determined by the degree of rotation. In plastic processing the residual strains in molded materials as well as the degree of orientation of polymers is determined by the effect on polarized light. Crossed polarizers are used with special wave plates to control the amount of light that passes through an optical system. 

Although such experiments could be carried out, in practice it is usually much more accurate to measure complete extinction rather than ratios of non-zero intensities. This is accomplished by using a compensator (a wave plate) to restore linear polarisation to the reflected ray by the introduction of a known phase difference between the S- and P-components. The restored... 

This is not the same as circularly polarized light which is obtained by passing linearly polarized light through a quarter-wave plate [53]. The plate produces a superposition of x and y components which are 90° out of phase, i.e. 

Figure 7.25 Set-up for ellipsometry microscopy. Incident linearly polarized light reflects on the surface and becomes eiliptically polarized. The quarter wave plate converts the polarization from elliptical to linear. The analyzer is placed such that it extinguishes all light. If the reflection properties change because a gas is adsorbed, the polarization does not match the setting of the analyzer and light passes through it. Appropriate lenses project an image of the surface onto the CCD camera (adapted from Rotermund [72]).

Fig. n.1. Principles of fluorescence up-conversion. NLC nonlinear crystal DM dichroic mirror HW half-wave plate PM photomultiplier. 

Figure 11. Simplified efficient blue generation scheme. A single pass of pulsed infrared light through an extracavity lens and nonlinear crystal is all that is required. A half-wave plate (HWP) may also be included if necessary.

Each nonlinear crystal was assessed in an extracavity single-pass arrangement at room temperature (figure 11). A half-wave plate was required for certain nonlinear crystals to provide the correct linear polarization. The relative performance of the four nonlinear crystals is summarized below in sections 7.1 to 7.4. 

Figure 12. Laser configuration for SHG experiments, incorporating four single-narrow-stripe (SNS) red laser diodes and a prism (P) for wavelength tuning (DM dichroic mirror HWP half-wave plate PC polarization cube HR high reflector 1.5% output coupler).

While this signal is greatly magnified with respect to the polarized CARS signal, which is proportional to, it is still difficult for interpretation. To resolve this problem, an additional quarter-wave plate is introduced into the detection channel. 

Detonation Wave, plate Velocities in Impulse Loading by. This subject was discussed in the paper entitled "Plate Velocities in Impulse Loading by Detonation Waves , presented by RiB.>Clay et al of Univ of Utah at the Symposium on Shock Waves in Process Equipment Annual Meeting of American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Chicago,... 

Fig. 9 Experimental setup for pump-probe measurements 1 - beam splitters 2 - silver mirrors 3 - time delay line 4 - lenses 5 - filters Do, Di, D2 - photodetectors P - polarizers k 2 - wave plate...

In frequency regions where absorption is small the two indices of refraction , and n2 give rise to the phenomenon of double refraction. One of the most common uses for this property is in making wave retarders such as quarter-wave plates incident light linearly polarized with equal x and y field components is phase shifted upon transmission because of the two different phase velocities c/w, and c/n2. An entire field, usually referred to as crystal optics, arises out of this and further applications of crystal anisotropy. 

The plane of vibration of a linearly polarized beam emerging from a quarter-wave plate depends on the phase difference 8 between the interfering ray and is measured by the angle a between the optical axes of the quarter-wave plate and the analyzer ... 

---