Watersheds transport

Barnes, R.S. Schell, W.R. Physical Transport of Trace Metals in the Lake Washington Watershed. In Cycling and Control of Metals, Proc. of an... 

Caruso BS, Cox LTJ, Runkel RE, Velleux ML, Bencala KE, Nordstrom DK, Julien PY, Butler BA, Alpers CN, Marion A, Smith KS (2008) Metals fate and transport modelling in streams and watersheds state of the science and SEPA workshop review. Hydrol Process 22 4011... 

Babiarz CL, Hurley JP, Benoit JM, Shafer MM, Andren AW, Webb DA. 1998. Seasonal influences on partitioning and transport of total and methylmercury in rivers from contrasting watersheds. Biogeochemistry 41 237-257. 

Porcelli D, Andersson PS, Wasserburg GJ, Ingri J, Baskaran M (1997) The importance of colloids and mires for the transport of uranium isotopes through the Kalis River watershed and Baltic Sea. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61 4095-4113... 

Porcelli D, Andersson PS, Baskaran M, Wasserburg GJ (2001) Transport of U- and Th-series nuclides in a Baltic Shield watershed and the Baltic Sea. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65 2439-2459 Puls RW, Powell RM (1992) Acquisition of representative ground-water quality samples for metals. Ground Water Monitor Remediat 12 167-176... 

Valiela I, Costa J, Foreman K, Teal JM, Howes B, Aubrey D (1990) Transport of ground water-borne nutrients from watersheds and their effects on coastal waters. Biogeochem 10 177-197... 

The role of radionuclides as tracer of the chemical transport in river is also reinforced by the fact that each of the U-Th-Ra elements has several isotopes of very different half-lives belonging to the U-Th radioactive series. Thus, these series permit comparison of the behavior of isotopes of the same element which are supposed to have the same chemical properties, but very different lifetimes. These comparisons should be very helpful in constraining time scales of transport in rivers. This was illustrated by Porcelli et al. (2001) who compared ( " Th/ U) and ( °Th/ U) ratios in Kalix river waters and estimated a transit time for Th of 15 10 days in this watershed. The development of such studies in the future should lead to an important progress in understanding and quantifying of transport parameters in surface waters. This information could be crucial for a correct use of U-series radioactive disequilibria measured in river waters to establish weathering budgets at the scale of a watershed. 

HSPF. The Hydrologic Simulation Program (FORTRAN) ( 1, 42) is based on the Stanford Watershed Model. Version 7 of HSPF incorporates the process models of SERATRA in its aquatic section, with several (user-selectable) options for sediment transport computations. HSPF includes the generation of transformation products, each of which is in turn subject to volatilization, phototransformation, biolysis, etc. 

Getz LL, Haney AW, Larimore RW, et al. 1977. Transport and distribution in a watershed ecosystem. In Boggess WR, ed. Lead in the environment Chapter 6. Washington, DC National Science Foundation. Report No. NSF/RA-770214, 105-133. 

Atmospheric deposition is an important source of mercury for surface waters and terrestrial environments that can be categorized into two different types, wet and dry depositions. Wet deposition during rainfall is the primary mechanism by which mercury is transported from the atmosphere to surface waters and land. Whereas the predominant form of Hg in the atmosphere is Hg° (>95%), is oxidized in the upper atmosphere to water-soluble ionic mercury, which is returned to the earth s surface in rainwater. In addition to wet deposition of Hg in precipitation, there can also be dry deposition of Hg°, particulate (HgP), and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) to watersheds [9-11]. In fact, about 90% of the total Hg input to the aquatic environment is recycled to the atmosphere and less than 10% reaches the sediments [12]. By current consensus, it is generally accepted that sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)... 

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