Water temperature profile

The vertical profiles of the activity concentration of Sr and Cs, in the Polynesian oceanic waters, show a layer of homogeneous mixture (first 100-200 m), then a fast radioactivity decrease in the deep waters (less than 0.1 Bq/m of Cs below 800 m). The water temperature profile is similar. The activity ratio of Cs/ °Sr lies between 1.6 and 1.9 for oceanic waters up to 300 m. This ratio is not determined for deeper waters, because measurement errors in °Sr determination become too high (see Fig. 10.20). 

C. Water temperature profiles from Loch Sunart show that temperatures at 40 m water depth are similar to water temperatures at deeper depths, thus BWTs are likely to record similar interannual variability to the Millport SSTs, albeit with a damped signal. 

Water temperature profile (T) is represented as a polynomial in time, with coefficients A A2, A3, and A4 in algebraic Equation 14.41 and initial conditions ... 

Fig. 1. Composite structure of fused silica glass windows and water. Temperature profile after T-Jump of size Tq. tj is of the order of 150ms with a 7mm cell, and 300ms with a lOmm-cell.

Fig. 27. Computed and experimental Hquid temperature profiles in an ammonia absorber with 5 bubble cap trays (107). Water was used as a solvent.

Reducing agents are employed to return the Fe to Fe . By starting at a lower temperature, the heat of reaction can be balanced by the sensible heat of the water in the emulsion. Temperature profiles from 20 to 70°C are typical for such systems. Care must be taken when working with redox systems to... 

A hst of polyol producers is shown in Table 6. Each producer has a varied line of PPO and EOPO copolymers for polyurethane use. Polyols are usually produced in a semibatch mode in stainless steel autoclaves using basic catalysis. Autoclaves in use range from one gallon (3.785 L) size in research faciUties to 20,000 gallon (75.7 m ) commercial vessels. In semibatch operation, starter and catalyst are charged to the reactor and the water formed is removed under vacuum. Sometimes an intermediate is made and stored because a 30—100 dilution of starter with PO would require an extraordinary reactor to provide adequate stirring. PO and/or EO are added continuously until the desired OH No. is reached the reaction is stopped and the catalyst is removed. A uniform addition rate and temperature profile is required to keep unsaturation the same from batch to batch. The KOH catalyst can be removed by absorbent treatment (140), extraction into water (141), neutralization and/or crystallization of the salt (142—147), and ion exchange (148—150). 

When the feed composition oecomes enriched in water, as with Case B, the column profile changes drastically (Fig. 3S2b). At the same reflux and boil-iip, the column no longer meets specifications. The MIPK product is lean in MIPK and too rich in water. The profile now tracks generally up the left side of Region 11. Note also the dramatic change in the temperature profile. A pinched zone still exists... 

FIG. 13-62 Sensitivity of composition and temperature profiles for MEK-MIPK-water system. 

Methanol is frequently used to inhibit hydrate formation in natural gas so we have included information on the effects of methanol on liquid phase equilibria. Shariat, Moshfeghian, and Erbar have used a relatively new equation of state and extensive caleulations to produce interesting results on the effeet of methanol. Their starting assumptions are the gas composition in Table 2, the pipeline pressure/temperature profile in Table 3 and methanol concentrations sufficient to produce a 24°F hydrate-formation-temperature depression. Resulting phase concentrations are shown in Tables 4, 5, and 6. Methanol effects on CO2 and hydrocarbon solubility in liquid water are shown in Figures 3 and 4. 

Propane has a eharaeteristie natural gas odour and is basieally insoluble in water. It is a simple asphyxiant but at high eoneentrations has an anaesthetie effeet. The TLV is 2500 ppm. It is usually shipped in low-pressure eylinders as liquefied gas under its own vapour pressure of ea 109 psig at 21°C. Its pressure/temperature profile is given in Figure 9.7. 

In a water cooling tower, the temperature profiles depend on whether the air is cooler or hotter than the surface of the water. Near the top, hot water makes contact with the exit air which is at a tower temperature, and sensible heat is therefore transferred both from the water to the interface and from the interface to the air. The air in contact with the water is saturated at the interface temperature and humidity therefore falls from the interface to the air. Evaporation followed by mass transfer of water vapour therefore takes place and latent heat is carried away from the interface in the vapour. The sensible heal removed from the water is then equal to the sum of the latent and sensible heats transferred to the air. Temperature and humidity gradients are then as shown in Figure 13.18 . 

Fig. 2 Time-series of annual mean water temperature in the San Reservoir (Spain) and air temperature in the Ter River watershed. The series start in 1964, after the first filling of the reservoir. Annual means are based on monthly measures of the volume weighted mean temperature. Only years with at least 10 temperature profiles were included in the figure. The air temperatures are annual means for the whole Ter River watershed, calculated from data collected in several meteorological stations in the basin, and weighted according to their area of influence...

In this study the water temperature is changed to other values using the Pb(WW) and J(WW) parameters shown in Table 3.2. A profile of self-diffusion as a function of temperature can be derived from these results. 

Using Example 4.5, vary the temperature of the water using Eb(WW) and J(WW) values from Table 3.2 in Chapter 3. Remember that temperature in degrees C = 100 xTb(WW). From the Studies 4.5a and b, create a profile of the diffusion of a solute in water as a function of water temperature and solute hydropathic states. 

Systematic variation in the water temperature, (WW), will produce a profile reflecting this influence. Vary the / b(WW) and J(WW) values in Example 5.3 to simulate different water temperatures. Run the dynamics for these different water temperatures to observe its influence. Note whether this is a linear or nonlinear effect on the cluster size. The structures formed may be quantified by recording the average micelle cluster size. The typical pattern looks like the examples in Figure 5.5. 

Figure 5.65. Temperature profiles caused by turning on the cooling water flow by setting TIMEON to 10.

Marcus, B. D., and D. Dropkin, 1965, Measured Temperature Profiles within the Superheated Boundary Layer above a Horizontal Surface in Saturated Nucleate Pool Boiling of Water, Trans. AS ME, J. Heat Transfer 87 333-341. (2)... 

Barriers to heat transfer produce corresponding temperature differences in a freeze-drying system, the actual temperature profile depending upon the rate of sublimation, the chamber pressure, and the container system as well as the characteristics of the freeze dryer employed. An experimental temperature profile is shown in Figure 5 for a system where vials were placed in an aluminum tray with a flat 5 mm thick bottom and a tray lid containing open channels for escape of water vapor. Here, heat transfer is determined by four barriers ... 

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