Water, flocculation action

The flocculating action of the water is governed by the hydrophily of the quartz. In the apolar medium the quartz particles arc preferentially covered by a layer of water, but then the system contains a big interface water/oil, which can be diminished by coalescence of the water layers. As no stabilizer for the water-in-oil system is present, this coalescence will take place and any relative displacement of the particles becomes difficult because this would imply an increase in the water/oil interface. 

Low Solids Muds—Nondispersed Systems. These muds contain less than 3-6% solids by volume, weigh less than 9.5 Ib/gal, and may be fresh or saltwater ba se. The typical low solids systems are flocculent, minimum solids muds, beneficiated clay muds, and low solids polymer muds. Most low solids drilling fluids are composed of water with varying quantities of bentonite and a polymer. The difference among low solids systems lies in the varying actions of different polymers. 

Where MU water silica is high (say, more than 20-30 ppm Si02), action probably is needed to reduce the silica level at source. This may be achieved in several ways, for example, by the use of anion exchange or flocculation-adsorption processes using ferric sulfate or magnesium hydroxide. 

Demulsifiers. A demulsifier is effective through four main actions (1) strong attraction to oil-water interface, (2) flocculation. (3) coalescence, ft) solids wetting. 

The characteristic of the demulsifier to produce the Joining of droplets does not disrupt the continuity of the emulsifier film but just adds to It If the emulsifier has certain weaknesses, this flocculation force may be sufficient to cause complete resolution of the emulsion. However, in most cases further action Is necessary for the water droplets to unite and become large enough and free enough to settle ouL The action of uniting water drops is called coalescence. 

A. E. Menke found aluminium hyponitrite is formed as a white precipitate when sodium hyponitrite is added to a soln. of an aluminium salt. It is insoluble in water, and in acetic acid. The precipitate of cerium hyponitrite obtained in an analogous way is soluble in acetic acid likewise also tin hyponitrite, which is insoluble in acetic acid and lead hyponitrite. E. Divers, A. Thum, and A. Kirsehner prepared lead hyponitrite, PbN202, by the action of a soln. of sodium hyponitrite on a lead salt. The precipitate at first is cream coloured and flocculent, but it soon becomes sulphur-yellow, and the dense, cream-coloured salt is probably a hydrate A. Kirsehner, said E. Divers, mistook it for a basic salt... 

A. J. Balard prepared an olive-green insoluble mass by the action of bromine water on copper oxide, vegetable colours are not bleached, but nitrogen is evolved from ammonia, and carbonic and other acids set free bromine. When heated, oxygen, bromine, and water are given off, and copper oxybromide remains. The solid is possibly a mixture of bromine and copper oxybromide and not copper hypobromite. A. J. Balard also prepared a soln. which probably contained silver hypobromite by the action of bromine water on silver oxide. The product easily decomposes into bromide and bromate. F. W. Schmidt suggested that the white flocculent precipitate obtained by the action of iodine on a very dil. ammoniacal soln. of silver nitrate is possibly silver hypoiodite. 

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