Water, element speciation

Ball, J. W, E. A. Jenne and D. K. Nordstrom, 1979, WATEQ2 - a computerized chemical model for trace and major element speciation and mineral equilibria of natural waters. In E. A. Jenne (ed.), Chemical Modeling in Aqueous Systems, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp. 815-835. 

A USGS model for computing the major and trace element speciation and mineral saturation for natural waters. 

In the final section of the book, Part V, Water-Waste Interaction, various approaches to describe and predict the interaction between waste and water are presented. This part of the book does not only deal with landfills containing different types of municipal waste forms, but also with different nuclear waste forms. Of special interest are laboratory experiments on waste form corrosion and element speciation in aqueous media that represent realistic disposal... 

The environmental risk leachates from the retort residue represent on the ecosystem is not only related to the absolute content of various potentially toxic trace elements in the semicoke, which in most cases may not be significantly higher than the content of the natural oil shales. It also depends on the leachability of these elements when the residue comes in contact with water, and on the elemental speciation. Important factors to consider in this context are ... 

Leppard, G. G. (1981). Trace Element Speciation in Surface Waters. New York Plenum Press. 

Interest in trace element speciation studies in natural waters has increased considerably during the last decade. It has become apparent that data on total concentrations of any element rather than on individual well defined chemical entities, are often inadequate to identify transport mechanisms, ultimate fate and toxicity of particular elements to organisms. A study of the different trace metal species and their relative distribution will assist in understanding the chemical processes that take place in the highly reactive estuarine zone and in the open sea. These processes include the rate at which chemical processes take place, the participation in geochemical processes (precipitation/dissolution, adsorption/desorption). 

Chau, Y.K. and Wong, P.T.S., 1983. Direct speciation analysis of molecular and ionic organometals. In G.G. Leppard (ed.), Trace Element Speciation in Surface Waters. Plenum, New York, pp. 87-102. 

Leppard, G.G., (ed.), 1983. Trace element speciation in surface waters and its ecological implications. Plenum Press. New York, 320 pp. 

Rodushkin IV, Moiseenko TI, Kudryavtseva LP. 1995b. Changes in trace element speciation in Kola Morth surface waters during snow melt. Water Air Soil Pollut 85 731-736. 

Florence, T.M. (1986) Electrochemical approaches to trace element speciation in waters. A review. Analyst, 111, 489-505. 

Haug, A., Larsen, B. and Baardseth, E. (1969) Comparison of the constitution of alginate from different sources. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Seaweed Symposium (ed. Margalef R.). Subsecretaria de la Marina Mercante, Madrid. As cited in Leppard, G.G. and Burnison, B.K. (1983) Bioavailability, trace element associations with colloids and an emerging interest in colloidal organic fibrils. In Trace Element Speciation in Suface Waters and its Ecological Implications (ed. Leppard, G.G.). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 105-112. 

Campanella, L. 1996. Problems of speciation of elements in natural water The case of chromium and selenium. In S. Caroli (ed.), Element Speciation in Bioinorganic Chemistry, pp. 419 444. New York Wiley-Interscience. 

The literature on element speciation in water and beverages using ICP-MS detection is summarized in Table 8.3. In most cases, on-line HPLC-ICP-MS is used without the need of any sample treatment, except, for example, ethanol removal under reduced pressure in the case of wine [106]. More details on sample preparation and analytical approaches can be found in a recent review on elemental speciation in beverages [47]. 

TABLE 8.3. Literature on Elemental Speciation in Water and Beverages Using ICP-MS as the Detection Technique... 

WATEQ2—A Computerized Chemical Model for Trace and Major Element Speciation and Mineral Equilibria of Natural Waters... 

G. Scarponi, G. Capodaglio, C. Barbante, P. Cescon, The anodic stripping voltammetric titration procedure for study of trace metal complexation in sea water, in Element Speciation in Bioinorganic Chemistry, S. Caroli (Ed.) Wiley New York, 1996, 363-418. 

The aim of sample treatment is frequently the differentiation of water components on the basis of their physical-chemical properties. More separation techniques can be applied to divide trace elements in sea water in fraction (55). The major assumption made by applying separation techniques is that removal of one or more components from a sample does not disturb the solution equilibria, but frequently there is evidence that this is not true e.g., it was observed that after removal of particles from water there was regrowth of filterable particles. However, operationally defined separation techniques are a useful means of comparing the characteristics of different samples. The problems and the advantages associated with specific separation methods for trace elements speciation has heen reviewed (55). 

Florence, T. M. (1989). Electrochemical techniques for trace element speciation in waters. In Trace Element Speciation Analytical Methods and Problems, ed. Batley, G. E., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 77-116. 

Leppard, G.G. (Ed.)(1983) Trace Element Speciation in Surface Waters and its Ecological Implications. Proc. NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Nervi/Italy, Nov. 2-4, 1981. 320 p. New Yorks Plenum Press. 

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