Washing of solids

Washing of Solids. Washing is a process designed to replace the mother liquor in the solids stream with a wash Hquid. The growing importance of this process is due to demands for increased purity of the products combined with the increasingly poorer raw materials available. Washing often may represent a dominant portion of the installation cost because it is usually multistaged and often countercurrent. 

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Several processes are used to enhance the filtration process itself. They may also be related processes in their own right. They include washing of solids, cake dewatering, pretreatment of suspensions (addition of inert filler aids), mechanical squeezing of cakes, electro-kinetic effects (Table 1). and magnetic separation. 

Stor e characteristics of the native enzyme are generally good, with activities maintained over years. Alkaline phosphatase conjugates are usually prepared via amino or carboxylic acid side chains and purified by gel filtration chromatography. Conjugates are very stable, but the enzyme is costly due to the limited supply of calf intestine. Alkaline (and also neutral and acid) phosphatase enzymes in biological samples are a potential problem with the use of this enzyme label. Careful washing of solid phases may be required to ensure no interference in assays. 

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Hydrocyclones can also be used for washing of solids by arranging several stages in a counter-current arrangement similar to that used with gravity thickeners, see chapter 15. Such systems are found in the production of potato or com starch, or in the chemical industry. 

Finally, multiple-series arrangements are also extensively used in counter-current washing of solids. The reader is referred to chapter 15 for the description and design of the washing trains used for this purpose. 

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