Washing dipping methods

Another possibility of ceramic material application is the use of coatings and foams inside, for example, metallic microstructure devices. Here, well-known technologies such as CVD processes, sputtering, electrophoretic deposition, sol-gel methods in combination with spin coating, dip coating, or wash coating methods, or the use of anodic oxidation for aluminum-based devices will lead to either dense, protective ceramic coatings or porous layers used as catalyst support. 

The washing of capillaries with dilute alkaline solution is advisable before analysis. The alkaline solution can be followed by deionized water and buffer. Capillaries can be washed between runs too. Samples can be introduced into the capillary by hydrodynamic and electro-kinetic methods. The hydrodynamic method applies a pressure difference (5-10 sec) between the two ends of the capillary. The pressure difference can be achieved by overpressure, vacuum or by creating a height difference between the levels of the buffer and sample reservoirs. In the case of electrokinetic injection, the injection end of the capillary is dipped into the sample for a few seconds and a voltage of some thousand volts is applied. 

The pHp value of washed ACC which is the pH of the solution when the net charge on ACC piece dipped into it is zero, was determined in our previous work [4] using batch equilibrium method described by Babic et al. [5],... 

Place 100 g (1.53 mol) of zinc wool in a 1-litre three-necked flask and amalgamate it in accordance with Method 1 in Section 4.2.50, p. 467. Fit the flask with a sealed stirrer unit, an efficient double surface condenser and a lead-in tube dipping almost to the bottom of the flask for the introduction of hydrogen chloride gas (compare Figs 4.4 and 2.59) insert an empty wash bottle between the hydrogen chloride generator and the flask. Introduce through the condenser 250 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 50 ml of water, set the stirrer in motion and then add 40 g (0.35 mol) of heptan-4-one (Expt... 

Another method for the chromatographic separation of salicylic acid on paper impregnated with ferric hydroxide was done by Rawat et at. (47). Strip (14 cm x 3 cm) of Whatman No. 3 paper were dipped in 0.1M-Fe(N03)3 for 15 to 20 seconds dried at room temperature, dipped in 0.1 M NaOH for 40 to 45 seconds and again dried, the strips were then twice washed with H20 to remove excess of reagent, and dried. The ethanolic test solution (1 or 2 drops) were applied to such a strip and a chromatogram was developed (for 11 cm) with 1M, 0.1 M- or 0.01M-NaN03, H20, ethanol, H20-ethanol (1 1) or 1M-NaCI. Salicylic acid was detected by the yellow color of the spot. 

Dip and dab methods. The dip and dab method consists of adding product (10 to 100 g) to a small bowl and filling the bowl with water. The soiled item is then washed with this solution, but not submerged as in the dilute method. The dip and dab method generally has much higher concentrations (1 to 3%) than the dilute method and is generally only used in developing countries. 

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