Walls ferroelectric devices

Xing L., Zuoqing W., Cheng J.K., Viens M., Cheeke J.D.N., Ultrasonic thin-walled tube wave structure for sensing devices, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 1996 43 331-336. 

The ferroelectric hysteresis originates from the existence of irreversible polarization processes by polarization reversals of a single ferroelectric lattice cell (see Section 1.4.1). However, the exact interplay between this fundamental process, domain walls, defects and the overall appearance of the ferroelectric hysteresis is still not precisely known. The separation of the total polarization into reversible and irreversible contributions might facilitate the understanding of ferroelectric polarization mechanisms. Especially, the irreversible processes would be important for ferroelectric memory devices, since the reversible processes cannot be used to store information. 

This surface bistability is at the basis of chiral smectic C surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (SSFLC) devices [92]. As their name indicates, these devices are made of thin cells in which the walls, imposing the orientation of the molecules at the surfaces, unwind the spontaneous smectic C helix and stabilize two uniform configurations of the director in the cell. Switching between these two states can be done by applying an electric field. 

H. Sato, H. Fujikake, Y. lino, M. Kawakita, H. Kikuchi, Flexible grayscale ferroelectric liquid crystal devices containing polymer walls and networks. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(8), 5302-5306 (2002)... 

Sato H, Fujikake H, Lino Y, Kawakita M, Kikuchi H (2002) Flexible grayscale ferroelectric liquid crystal device containing polymer walls and networks. Jpn J Appl Phys 41 5302-5306 Sato H, Fujikake H, Kikuchi H, Kurita T (2003) Rollable polymer stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal device using thin plastic substrates. Opt Rev 10(5) 352-356 Schrader DM, Jean YC (1988) Positron and positronium chemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam Shinkawa K, Takahashi H, Fume H (2008) Ferroelectric liquid crystal cell with phase separated composite organic film. Ferroelectrics 364 107-112 Simha R, Somcynsky T (1969) On the statistical thermodynamics of spherical and chain molecule fluids. Macromolecules 2 342-350... 

Chandran A, Prakash J, Naik KK, Srivastava AK, D browski R, Czerwinski M, Biradar AM (2014) Preparation and characterization of MgO nanoparticles/ferroelectric liquid crystal composites for faster display devices with improved contrast. J Mater Chem C 2 1844-1853 Chatterjee T, Mitchell CA, Hadjiev VG, Krishnamoorti R (2012) Oriented single-walled carbon nanotubes-poly(ethylene oxide) nanocomposites. Macromolecules 45 9357-9363 Chiu JJ, Kim BJ, Kramer EJ, Pine DJ (2005) Control of nanoparticle location in block copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 127 5036-5037... 

Sato, H., et al. 2005. RoUable ferroelectric liquid crystal devices monostabilized with molecular ahgned polymer walls and networks. Liq. Cryst 32 221, and references therein see also Fujisaki, Y, et al. 2005. Liquid crystal cells fabricated on plastic substrate driven... 

Timability of perovskites is defined according to the dielectric nonlinearity of as functions of electric field above the Ciuie temperature. Ferroelectries for applications in electrically tunable devices are generally in the paraelectric phase [3,4,7-10,13]. The reason is that most of the ferroelectries in polar phase are also piezoelectric. Piezoelectric transformations cause large losses at relatively low microwave frequencies, and additional losses in polar phase are associated with the domain wall movements. Another reason hindering the applications of a ferroelectric in a polar phase is the hysteresis in field-dependent dielectric characteristics [7]. 

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