Vulval

Herman T, Horvitz HR Three proteins involved in Caenorhabditis elegans vulval invagination are similar to components of a gly-cosylation pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999 96 974. 

Similar constant checking across the cycle occurs in the Spider monkey (Ateles), where males directly sniff and nasally contact the females complex labial folds. The external genitalia lack visual peri-ovulatory alterations, hence usage of the AOS may occur. It is however unestablished in this, as in many other species without overt vulval colour change (Klein, 1971 Hunter et al., 1984). 

In both worm and fly, the Ras protein acts as a switch that determine cell fate. In C. elegans, the activation of Ras determines the formation of vulval as opposed to hypodermal (skin) cells (for sequence of events, see Table 8.4). In Drosophila photoreceptors, the activation of Ras determines the development of R7 as a neuronal as opposed to a cone cell. In both cases, Ras proteins operate downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases that are activated by cell-cell interactions. 

Kornfeld, K., Vulval development in Caenorhabditis elegans, Trends Genet., 13, 55-61, 1997. 

Schaar In any of the EGF receptor mutants, is there an analogous story to Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development, where the receptor has to bind a PDZ domain and be localized in order to signal properly ... 

Simske JS, Kim SK 1995 Sequential signaling during Caenorhabditis elegans vulval induction. Nature 375 142-146... 

Sternberg PW 1988 Lateral inhibition during vulval induction in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 335 551-554... 

A mbros This is work by David Fay and Min Han at the University of Colorado, Boulder. The homozygous cyclin E mutant larvae from heterozygous mothers seem to be OK until the next to last division of vulval development. They execute... 

A mbros Less is known about how cki-1 is shut off in VPCs than about how cki-1 is turned on in these cells. However, when we misexpress lin-14 late in development, it will maintain cki-1 expression later than in the normal vulval lineage. Therefore, extinction of cki-1 expression in VPCs is influenced by some activity that is in turn dependent on lin-14 down-regulation. All our cki-1 expression constructs retain the 3hUTR of cki-1 (Hong et al 1998), and so the dynamic cki-1 expression we observe could reflect post-transcriptional regulation in addition to transcription regulation. 

Walhout AJM et al. Protein interaction mapping in C.elegans using proteins involved in vulval development. Science 2000 287 116-122. 

A 35-year-old female complains of itching in the vulval area. Hanging-drop examination of the urine reveals trichomonads. What is the preferred treatment for trichomoniasis ... 

NURD CHD-3, CHD-4 RBA-1, LIN-53, HAD-1 Antagonizes Ras-induced vulval development [304]. Involved in regulation... 

Solari, F. and Ahringer, J. (2000) NURD-complex genes antagonise Ras-induced vulval development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr. Bio. 10, 223-226. 

Vulval skin secretion and blood serum contain an active principle, which attracts the bull and releases smelling, salivating, urinating, licking, flehmen, vocalizations, penis protrusion, and mounting. It is not clear whether the blood transports the active principle to or from the vulval skin tissue (Rivard and Klemm, 1989). 

Yoon, C. H., C. Chang, N. A. Hopper, G. M. Lesa, and P. W. Sternberg. Requirements of multiple domains of SLI-I, a Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of c-Cbl, and an inhibitory tyrosine in LET-23 in regulating vulval differentiation. Mol Biol Cell. 11 4019-31.2000. 

Moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms, vulval and vaginal atrophy associated with menopause and female hypoestrogenism caused by hypogonadism, castration, or primary ovarian failure - 10 to 20 mg every 4 weeks. 

Menopause and vulval/vaginal atrophy Reevaluate patients at 3- to 6-month intervals to determine the need for continued treatment. 

Iversen T. Irradiation and bleomycin in the treatment of inoperable vulval carcinoma. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1982 61 195-197. 

IV Pain, redness, or swelling at injection site headache abdominal cramps vulval... 

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