VTST variational transition state

UFF (universal force field) a molecular mechanics force field unrestricted (spin unrestricted) calculation in which particles of different spins are described by different spatial functions VTST (variational transition state theory) method for predicting rate constants... 

Vibronic coupling, 175 Visible spectrum, 216-222, 314 Visualization, 115-121 Volume, molecular, see Molecular volume VTST (variational transition state... 

Variational transition state theory (VTST) is formulated around a variational theorem, which allows the optimization of a hypersurface (points on the potential energy surface) that is the elfective point of no return for reactions. This hypersurface is not necessarily through the saddle point. Assuming that molecules react without a reverse reaction once they have passed this surface... 

Calculations have identified three transition states (TS) for an SN2 reaction.4"6 Two are variational, one of which is located along the X + RY association reaction path, and the other along the XR + Y" association reaction path i.e. see Figure 1. Variational transition state theory (VTST) calculations show that the third TS is located at the central barrier.4... 

Abstract Some of the successes and several of the inadequacies of transition state theory (TST) as applied to kinetic isotope effects are briefly discussed. Corrections for quantum mechanical tunneling are introduced. The bulk of the chapter, however, deals with the more sophisticated approach known as variational transition state theory (VTST). 

To begin we are reminded that the basic theory of kinetic isotope effects (see Chapter 4) is based on the transition state model of reaction kinetics developed in the 1930s by Polanyi, Eyring and others. In spite of its many successes, however, modern theoretical approaches have shown that simple TST is inadequate for the proper description of reaction kinetics and KIE s. In this chapter we describe a more sophisticated approach known as variational transition state theory (VTST). Before continuing it should be pointed out that it is customary in publications in this area to use an assortment of alphabetical symbols (e.g. TST and VTST) as a short hand tool of notation for various theoretical methodologies. 

Of course, one is not really interested in classical mechanical calculations. Thus in normal practice the partition functions used in TST, as discussed in Chapter 4, are evaluated using quantum partition functions for harmonic frequencies (extension to anharmonicity is straightforward). On the other hand rotations and translations are handled classically both in TST and in VTST, which is a standard approximation except at very low temperatures. Later, by introducing canonical partition functions one can direct the discussion towards canonical variational transition state theory (CVTST) where the statistical mechanics involves ensembles defined in terms of temperature and volume. There is also a form of variational transition state theory based on microcanonical ensembles referred to by the symbol p,. Discussion of VTST based on microcanonical ensembles pVTST is beyond the scope of the discussion here. It is only mentioned that in pVTST the dividing surface is... 

The most satisfactory situation for making an extrapolation of rate data to the true threshold arises when the threshold is uncertain, but we can confidently calculate the functional form of the rate-energy curve from accurate kinetic theory. For small systems, it is feasible to calculate dissociation rates by quantum methods, but this is not yet feasible for the systems of interest to us. Various approaches to variational transition-state theory (VTST) provide classical or semiclassical calculations that are feasible for large systems and seem to be accurate when carefully... 

These include the Rayleigh quotient method" and variational transition state theory (VTST).46 9 xhg 0 called PGH turnover theory and its semiclassical analog/ which presents an explicit expression for the rate of reaction for almost arbitrary values of the friction function is reviewed in Section IV. Quantum rate theories are discussed in Section V and the review ends with a Discussion of some open questions and problems. 

Variational transition-state theory (VTST), as its name implies, variationally moves the reference position along the MEP that is employed for the computation of the activated complex free energy, either backwards or forwards from the TS sttuctme, until the rate constant is minimized. Notationally... 

E. Poliak In relation to the point discussed by Profs. Troe and Marcus, we have shown that those cases considered as saddle-point avoidance are consistent with variational transition-state theory (VTST). If one includes solvent modes in the VTST, one finds that the variational transition state moves away from the saddle point the bottleneck is simply no longer at the saddle point. 

Variational transition-state theory has been formulated on various levels [5, 23-27]. At first, there is the group of canonical VTST (CVTST) treatments, which correspond to the search for a maximum of the free energy AG(r) along the reaction path r [23, 24]. It was noticed early that for barri-erless potentials this approach leads to an overestimate of the rate constant because, in the language of SACM, channels are included that are closed. Therefore, an improved version (ICVTST) was proposed [25] that truncates Q at the position r of the minimum of (t(r) by including only states... 

The SES, ESP, and NES methods are particularly well suited for use with continuum solvation models, but NES is not the only way to include nonequilibrium solvation. A method that has been very useful for enzyme kinetics with explicit solvent representations is ensemble-averaged variational transition state theory [26,27,87] (EA-VTST). In this method one divides the system into a primary subsystem and a secondary one. For an ensemble of configurations of the secondary subsystem, one calculates the MEP of the primary subsystem. Thus the reaction coordinate determined by the MEP depends on the coordinates of the secondary subsystem, and in this way the secondary subsystem participates in the reaction coordinate. 

Restricted Active Space Self-Consistent Field Sn2 reaction, 305, 367 —Variational Transition State Theory (VTST), 306... 

There are two corrections to equation (12) that one might want to make. The first has to do with dynamical factors [19,20] i.e., trajectories leave Ra, crossing the surface 5/3, but then immediately return to Ra. Such a trajectory contributes to the transition probability Wfia, but is not really a reaction. We can correct for this as in variational transition-state theory (VTST) by shifting Sajj along the surface normals. [8,9] The second correction is for some quantum effects. Equation (14) indicates one way to include them. We can simply replace the classical partition functions by their quantum mechanical counterparts. This does not correct for tunneling and interference effects, however. 

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