Vowels

All vowel sounds are voiced and hence have the same sound source (the glottis). What distinguishes one vowel sound from another is the shape of the oral cavity and to a lesser extent the shape of the lips and duration with which the sound is spoken. The oral cavity and lips operate to create different shaped cavities through which the source sound must pass. By moving the jaw, lips and tongue, different filter effects can be created, which serve to modify the harmonics of the glottal sound source and produce the wide variety of vowel sounds. It is important to note that 

Some vowels are characterised by a movement from one vocal tract position to another. In HEIGHT for instance, the vowel starts with a low front mouth shape and moves to a high position. Such vowels are termed diphthongs. All other vowels are called monophthongs. As with length, whether or not a vowel can properly be considered a diphthong is heavily accent dependent. In particular the vowels in words such as hate and show vary considerably in their vowel quality from accent to accent. 

In languages such as English, there is a particular vowel sound known as schwa. This is often called the neutral vowel in that its position is neither front nor back, high nor low, rounded nor unrounded. It is the first vowel in about, Seville, collect, and the second vowel in sarah, currency, and data. Most other sounds are simply called by how they sound schwa is given its special name because it is difficult to pronounce in 

---

Diols are almost always given substitutive lUPAC names As the name of the prod uct m the example indicates the substitutive nomenclature of diols is similar to that of alcohols The suffix dwl replaces ol and two locants one for each hydroxyl group are required Note that the final e of the parent alkane name is retained when the suffix begins with a consonant ( diol) but dropped when the suffix begins with a vowel ( ol)... 

The e ending of an alkane name is dropped before a suffix beginning with a vowel ( a/) and retained before one beginning with a consonant ( dial)... 

Substituted ammonium ions derived from nitrogen bases with names ending in -amine receive names formed by changing -amine into -ammonium. When known by a name not ending in -amine, the cation name is formed by adding the ending -ium to the name of the base (eliding the final vowel) e.g., anilinium, hydrazinium, imidazolium, acetonium, dioxanium. 

The number of atoms of a given kind is indicated, if there is more than one, by the usual multiplicative prefixes. A final a in such a prefix is elided if the following syllable begins with a vowel thus tetrazole rather than tetraazole , and pentoxepane rather than pentaoxepane . 

Selbst-kosten, f.pl. cost of production, prime cost. -kUhlung, /. self-cooling, natural cooling. -laut, -lauter, m. vowel. 

Rule 1 Select the longest carbon chain containing the hydroxy) group, and derive the parent name by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -ol. The -c is deleted to prevent the occurrence of two adjacent vowels propanol rather than propaneol, for example. 

Rule 3 Number the substituents according to their position on the chain, and write the name listing the substituents in alphabetical order and identifying the position to which the -OH is bonded. Note that in naming ns-l,4-cyclohexanediol, the final -e of cyclohexane is not deleted because the next letter, d. is not a vowel, that is, cyclohexanediol rather than cyclohexandiol. Also, as with alkenes (Section 6.3), newer IUPAC naming recommendations place the locant immediately before the suffix rather than before the parent. 

Cathode = reduction anode = oxidation. The consonants go together, as do the vowels. 

To remember how electrodes are named, notice that oxidation and anode both begin with vowels reduction and... 

Reilly J., Vowels B., Leyden J., Sondheimer S., et al. (1996). Quantitative comparison of female axillary secretions as a function of the menstrual cycle phase. Chem Senses 21, 661-662. 

Godwin, Joscelyn. The mystery of the seven vowels in theory and practice. Grand Rapids (MI) PhanesP, 1991. 107p. ISBN 0-933999-85-2... 

The terms cathode and anode used to describe electrodes often cause confusion, and to a certain extent, the characteristics of an electrode depend on whether they are being looked at from the outside in or the inside out. One way to keep the terms straight is that an anode begins with a vowel, as does an electron. Likewise, cathode begins with a consonant as does the word cation or that both cathode and cation begin with a c. 

The final o or a may be dropped if the name of the element begins with a vowel. The prefix mono is being used less often, so you may only see it in a very small number of compounds such as carbon monoxide, CO. 

The last syllable of the word is accented and that syllable ends in an single vowel followed by a single consonant (words with only one syllable are always accented). Stop becomes stopping, stopped, stoppage, or stopper because stop has only one syllable (so it is accented), and it ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel. 

When adding an ending to a word that ends with a silent e, drop the final e if the ending begins with a vowel, such as advancing and surprising. 

However, if the silent e is preceded by another vowel, drop the e when adding any ending argument, argued, truly. 

To avoid confusion and mispronunciation, the final e is kept in words such as mileage and words where the final e is preceded by a soft g or c changeable, courageous, manageable, management, noticeable. The word management, for example, would be pronounced with a hard g sound if not for the e after the g. If the root word ends with a silent e, and the suffix begins with a vowel, then take off the silent e and add the suffix. 

If the ligand name contains a prefix or begins with a vowel (except ammine and ac... 

Zeng, C., Spielman, A. L, Vowels, B. R., etal. (1996a). A human axillary odorant is carried by apolipoprotein D. Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences of the USA 93,6626-6630. 

Figure 2.5 This Pythagorean Tetractys has geometric and musical correlations listed, and the layers are marked with the Greek vowels and their relationships to the seven planets. (Robert M. Place)...

The relationships between the layers are ratios. They describe numerically the vibrations of the three essential notes in the music scale the whole note, which had a ratio of one to two the perfect fifth, which has a ratio of two to three and the perfect fourth, which has a ratio of three to four. Together with the four physical layers, these musical layers provide seven layers altogether. Like the ziggurat the Tetractys had seven layers, but here numbers have replaced the gods as emanations. To fill out the musical scale Pythagoras devised four other notes and created the Western diatonic scale with seven notes. Pythagoras believed that the seven notes captured the sound of each of the seven planets—the music of the spheres—and he used the seven vowels of the Greek alphabet to denote them. 

Vowells, S. J., Sekhsaria, S., Malech, H. L., Shalit, M., and Fleischer, T. A., Flow cytometric analysis of the granulocyte respiratory burst A comparison study of fluorescent probes. J. Immunol Methods 178, 89-97 (1995). 

This method is useful when dealing with simple heterocycles, but it can become clumsy with more complex ones. An alternative is the Hantzsch-Widman system, which uses the same prefixes, but adds a stem name designed to indicate not only the ring size but also the state of unsaturation or saturation (note when the stem name begins with a vowel the last letter, a, of the prefix is dropped). The stem names for rings containing up to 10 atoms are shown in Table 1.1. 

These writings etffold secrets that cannot be plumbed by [rational] thinking.. . . With the vowels, they express feelings with the consonants, thought-concepts, derived from feelings. ... 

Some ancient Jewish recipes for creating a golem required a person to combine each letter of the Hebrew alphabet with each letter from the Tetragrammaton (YHVH), and pronounce each of the resulting letter pairs with every possible vowel sound. The Tetragrammaton serves as an activation word to pierce reality and energize the being. 

A friend at work said it should not be hard to actually pronounce the secret four-letter name of God, the Tetragrammaton miT , by having his computer consider every possible vowel, or phoneme, combination with the four consonants. He coupled the output of his computer to a speech synthesizer, so the computer would actually speak the words at a rate of one name per second. At some point, he theorized, the computer should say the name of God. My friend was not concerned about the wrath of God because it was the computer uttering the name of God, not him. During one vocalization, my friend s computer crashed. He stopped the experiment and never ran the program again. 

In writing such a story, purposely avoiding all words containing the vowel E, there are a great many difficulties. The greatest of these is met in the past tense of verbs, almost all of which end with -ed. Therefore substitutes must be found and they are very few.The numerals also cause plenty of trouble, for none between six and thirty are available... Pronouns also caused trouble for such words as he, she, they, them, theirs, her, herself, myself, himself, yourself, etc., could not be utilized. The story required five and a half months of concentrated endeavor, with so many erasures and retrenchments that I tremble as I think of them. ... 

In 2001, Christian Bok published Eunoia, which includes five chapters, each one of which is a prose poem using words with only one of the five vowels. Eunoia is also the shortest word in the English language to use all five vowels. More recently, Brian Raiter wrote a paper titled Albert Einstein s Theory of Relativity in Words of Four Letters or Less —an explanation of Albert Einstein s Theory of Relativity using words no more than four letters long, with paragraphs like ... 

If the name of the anion begins with a vowel, you drop the o in hydro- to avoid having two vowels next to each other. The anion in this case is chlorine, so you write hydrochlorine. 

What we really are is a web of interconnections, the summation of all of our relationships, all the people we know and those we are still to meet. It s not that we are in the web, the web is what we are. Vowel sounds change the colors pitch and tone alter the shape of the enclosing... 

---