Voluntary suffering

For some men suffering from an unhealthy obsession with sex, MPA could prove a helpful medicine. But, use of MPA quickly expanded beyond voluntary use. California, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Louisiana, Montana, and Oregon have all passed chemical castration statutes. While these statutes vary, most provide a legislative authorization for court-imposed MPA injections as a probation condition for certain sexual offenses. ... 

The ACS is a nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to eliminating cancer as a major health problem by preventing cancer, saving lives, and diminishing suffering from cancer, through research, education, advocacy, and service. 

Since animals tend to concentrate in their own proteins the sulfur amino acids contained in the plants diey eat, such animal products (meat. eggs, and cheese) are valuable sources of the essential sulfur amino acids in human diets. In regions where die diet is composed almost entirely of foods of plant origin, deficiencies of sulfur amino acids may be critical in human nutrition. Frequently, persons in such areas (also voluntary vegetarians) are also likely to suffer from a number of odier dietary insufficiencies unless supplemental sources are used. 

In response to voluntary reports from physicians to the FDA or the manufacturer, the FDA has issued warnings, made label changes, required manufacturers to conduct postmarketing studies, and ordered product withdrawals that have ultimately prevented patient deaths and suffering. 

The US Congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health Act in 1970. This act created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the federal Department of Labor to establish and enforce safety standards for the workplace. OSHA standards are called permissible exposure limits (PELs). Many PELs have been adopted from ACGIH TLVs. TLVs are generally defined as air concentrations of chemicals that most workers can be exposed to for an 8 h workday, 40 h week for a working lifetime without suffering adverse effects. TLVs are not guaranteed as safe exposure levels for the entire population. Employers may also institute voluntary exposure limits either because an OSHA standard has not been promulgated for a xenobiotic of concern or because they want to apply an exposure limit that is more protective than either the PEL or the TLV. 

The general hazards to health associated with isocyanates may be summarized as follows all isocyanates (both aliphatic and aromatic) if present above certain critical values adversely affect the respiratory system. Surveys by the International Isocyanate Institute (which is primarily a voluntary association of isocyanate chemical manufacturers) suggest that normal individuals can work a standard 8-h day in an atmosphere in which the TLV of the diisocyanate is observed in recent years these values have been revised downwards (see Table 14.1).t However, mild to severe asthmatic attacks will result in the majority of people exposed to excessive inhalation of isocyanate vapour and this must be recognized as an acute hazard also loss of lung capacity and reduction in forced respiratory response results. Once an individual has suffered such an attack, some sensitization must, in the majority of cases, be assumed to have occurred ... 

Non-recordable — An employee suffers a severe reaction to a fiu shot that was administered as part of a voluntary inoculation program. 

American companies have had significant reputational damage from using poor safety practices that don t meet U.S. workplace safety standards for their factories in other countries. Various European and other countries have suffered similarly. The intent of ISO 45000 will be to use a common approach across the globe. This will help better manage workplace safety and raise the bar internationally for countries to implement stronger SMSs. Of course, like all ISO standards, it will be voluntary, and individual countries can decide how they wish to implement the new standard. 

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