Volumetric composition

V = V . In such a case, V can be obtained directly from the ideal gas law, without recourse to measurement, and hence, the volumetric composition can be readily computed. On the other hand, in non-ideal (i.e., real) mixtures and solutions,... 

V Z V" and the measurement of the actual component volumes V becomes a difficult undertaking. In these systems, a volume change—either shrinkage or expansion—is experienced upon mixing of the components. In addition, thermal effects may accompany the formation of the mixture or solution. The volumetric composition of liquid mixtures is expected to vary with temperature owing to the density dependence on temperature. 

A natural gas having the volumetric composition of 90% methane, 8% ethane, and 2% nitrogen at 1 atm and 25°C is used as fuel in a power plant. To ensure complete combustion 75% excess air is also supplied at 1 atm and 25°C. Calculate (i) the lower and higher heating values of the fuel at 25°C and (ii) the theoretical maximum temperature in the boiler assuming adiabatic operation and gaseous state for all the products. 

The compound can be produced with any arbitrary PCM and can also be brought into any arbitrary form e.g. by injection molding. The final result has a similar volumetric composition as the PCM-graphite matrix, which is 10 vol. % graphite, 80 vol. % PCM and 10 vol. % air. The thermal conductivity however is only about 4-5 W/m K due to the loose contact between the graphite particles in the compound. Nevertheless, compared to the pure PCM, the thermal conductivity is still enhanced by a factor of 5-20. 

This study has shown the possibility to measure segregation problems when discharging mixtures through a funnel. It has also shown the effect of the number of drum revolutions at a fixed speed on the quality of a mixture, as well as the effect of a static mixer. The axial structure of the mixtures through autocorrelation functions could also be studied from these data, but this has not been reported here for clarity of the paper. In addition, it must be remembered that we just studied the evolution of the dielectric permittivity, and that in most cases, we will have to follow the volumetric compositions of each component in order to characterise the homogeneity of the medium. The capacitive method is indeed full of promise for particulate systems, and it would be interesting to explore it much into details, particularly for determining the proportions of each component of the mixture. 

Where (dn/dc)k is the polymer refractive index increment in the solvent mixture, dn/dk is the variation of the refractive index of the solvent mixture as a function of volumetric composition and (dn/dc) is the polymer refractive index increment after establishing dialysis equilibrium. 

Methods for calculating the volumetric composition of fluid mixtures. Physics, 5 64-70. 

Se- ries Nos Volumetric composition of dispersions disper- [Pg.131]

Related Calculations. The composition of the flue gas as given above is by weight. If desired, the composition by volume (which, indeed, is the more usual basis for expressing gas composition) can readily be obtained by calculating the moles per second of nitrogen (molar and volumetric compositions are equal to each other). 

The Quantitative Composition of Water. — The preceding experiments on the composition of water have been mainly qualitative. They have shown by analysis and synthesis that water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen, and that the ratio of their volumes is approximately 2 to i. The most decisive evidence of the quantitative composition of water is obtained by the determination of (i) its exact volumetric composition, (2) its exact gravimetric composition, and (3) the density of steam. Volumetric means by volume, and gravimetricmieans by weight. ... 

A minute quantity of water is formed when the two gases unite, but so minute that its volume is not measurable. The residual gas can be proved by the usual tests to be hydrogen. The data obtained enable us to compute at once the volumetric composition of water. 

Accurate repetitions of this experiment have shown that the ratio in which the pure gases, hydrogen and oxygen, combine is 2 to i, that is, the volumetric composition of water is two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen. The same result was obtained in Exp. 38, to be sure, but the result of Exp. 43, obtained by a more accurate method, establishes the fact beyond dispute. 

Volumetric Composition of Steam. — If water is decomposed, and the mixed gases "are exploded when the surrounding temperature is above 100° C., then the product is gaseous water, that is, steam. If the experiment is performed quantitatively, it is found that three volumes of the mixed gases form two volumes of steam. The importance of this fact will appear later, when similar facts regarding the two gases, hydrochloric acid and ammonia,... 

This simple relation, together with the equally simple relation revealed by the volumetric composition of steam, will be subsequently explained. 

The Volumetric Composition of Ammonia Gas. — Additional evidence of the composition of ammonia gas is furnished by a determination of... 

Law of Gay-Lussac. — A comparison of the volumetric composition of water vapor (steam), hydrochloric acid gas, and ammonia gas (see pages loi and 169) reveals the fact that in each case the volume relations can be expressed by whole numbers. Thus —... 

Initially, the dye solution is used to mimic the sample, whereas the blank solution is used to mimic the carrier and confluent streams. Then the dye solution is used successively as the carrier and confluent streams, and the other solutions are replaced by the blank solution. In this way, measurements related to the sample, carrier and confluent streams are performed on different fluid elements at any time after sample introduction. The volumetric composition of any fluid element is then determined by applying Eq. 3.16. 

The percentage molar fraction is numerically equal to the percentage volumetric composition... 

The theory of random heterogeneous materials provides a variety of sophisticated tools to explore the relations between microstructure and the required effective properties [9,10,85]. Information on volumetric composition, pore size distribution, and wetting properties can be used to predict proton... 

In i860 Hofmann adopted the new atomic weights of Gerhardt and Cannizzaro and used them in his lectures. He published over fifty lecture experiments, many for demonstrating the volumetric composition of gases leading to the molecular formulae. His vapour density method was an improvement of Gay-Lussac s (see p. 82). He devised a gas furnace for combustion analysis. ... 

Other considerations should be hot gas flow rates, temperature and volumetric composition and pressure drop on tube and shell side. 

Villanova, Arnold of, 38 Vital force, 166 Vitamins, 191 Vitriol, 42, 45, 196 Volatile principle, 33 Volumetric composition, 159 Vulcan, 36... 

The gravimetric composition of the CL is defined by the contents of Pt, C, and ionomer, namely, mpt, me, and mi, given in units of mg cm , referring masses to the geometric electrode surface area. Physical properties of the layer depend on the volumetric composition, connectivity, and tortuosity of the different phase domains (solid Pt/C, ionomer, and pore space). Of vital relevance are the specific areas of different types of interfaces that are formed in the composite. The volumetric composition could be determined from the following relation ... 

Efforts of polymer scientists and fuel cell developers alike are driven by one question What specific properties of the polymeric host material determine the transport properties of a PEM, especially proton conductivity The answer depends on the evaluated regime of the water content. At water content above kc, relevant structural properties are related to the porous PEM morphology, described by volumetric composition, pore size distribution and pore network connectivity. As seen in previous sections, effective parameters of interest are lEC, pKa, and the tensile modulus of polymer walls. In this regime, approaches familiar from the theory of porous media or composites (Kirkpatrick, 1973 Stauffer and Aharony, 1994), can be applied to relate the water distribution in membranes to its transport properties. Random network models and simpler models of the porous structure were employed in Eikerling et al. (1997, 2001) to study correlations between pore size distributions, pore space connectivity, pore space evolution upon water uptake, and proton conductivity, as will be discussed in the section Random Network Model of Membrane Conductivity. ... 

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