Relative volumes

A recent design of the maximum bubble pressure instrument for measurement of dynamic surface tension allows resolution in the millisecond time frame [119, 120]. This was accomplished by increasing the system volume relative to that of the bubble and by using electric and acoustic sensors to track the bubble formation frequency. Miller and co-workers also assessed the hydrodynamic effects arising at short bubble formation times with experiments on very viscous liquids [121]. They proposed a correction procedure to improve reliability at short times. This technique is applicable to the study of surfactant and polymer adsorption from solution [101, 120]. 

FIG. 23-15 Chemical conversion by the dispersion model, (a) First-order reaction, volume relative to plug flow against residual concentration ratio, (h) Second-order reaction, residual concentration ratio against kC t. 

In most cases, the formation of complexes in molten salts leads to an increase in the molar volume relative to the additive volume. This phenomenon is usually explained by an increase in bond covalency. Nevertheless, the nature of the initial components should be taken into account when analyzing deviations in property values, as was shown by Markov, Prisyagny and Volkov [314]. In particular, this rule applies absolutely when the system consists of pure ionic components. The presence of initial components with a significant share of covalent bonds leads to an S-shaped isotherm [314]. 

If we have an equation of state for a gaseous mixture, then at any composition we can obtain either g (at any pressure) or a (at any volume) relative to g or a at some fixed state at the same temperature, by integrating either of the exact relations... 

Figure 14 shows the computed osmotic volume changes the red cells undergo when suspended in the same four test solutions at room temperature (left side) and when slowly frozen (right side). They are responses characteristic of any cell that behaves as an ideal osmometer. Initially the cells are at normal isotonic volume (relative volume 1.0). After transfer to the test solution, however, they shrink in all... 

Sorensen AG, Copen WA, 0stergaard L, Buonanno FS, Gonzalez RG, Rordorf G, Rosen BR, Schwamm LH, Weisskoff RM, Koroshetz WJ. Hyperacute stroke simultaneous measurement of relative cerebral blood volume, relative cerebral blood flow, and mean tissue transit time. Radiology 1999 210 519-527. 

Small mode volumes relatively high Q-factors (1300-2000) easy coupling to fibres... 

Selectivity is a relative term that means a desorbent must have balanced strength or selectivity for the adsorbent relative to the desired feed normal paraffins. A desorbent that is more strongly held by the adsorbent than the feed normal paraffins will be difficult for the desired feed normal paraffins to displace from the adsorbent This results in poor adsorbent utihzation due to a loss in selective volume. At the same time, a desorbent carmot be too weakly attracted to the selective volume (relative to the feed normal paraffins) or excessive desorbent circulation is needed to displace the feed component from the adsorbent. In this situation, excessively high desorbent rates are needed to recover feed normal paraffins from the adsorbent These high desorbent flush rates result in non-economical process conditions due to excessively high utility consumption in post-Sorbex product fractionation. 

Fig. 12.9 Two-stage acid Thorex process for highly irradiated fuels. Numbers in the frames indicate stage number, whereas numbers on the lines indicate flow volumes relative to the feed volume (DOD and FP are dodecane and hssion products). 

During the B.E.S.T. process, oUy sludges, soils, and sediments are separated into three phases. These phases include a water phase that can be treated by conventional treatment and discharged a dry, treated solid phase that can be used as backfill on site and an oil phase containing the organic contaminants. The oil phase constitutes a small volume (relative to the initial volume of contaminated material) that can be destroyed or recycled. 

Explosive Detonation pressure (kbar) Bulk specific gravity Detonation velocity (m/sec) Impedance (m/aec) Heat of detonation (cal/g) Nominal cost ( /lb) Excavated volume relative ti> equal weight of TNT 1... 

Cost Decreases with production volume Relatively constant... 

Calculate solution gas-oil ratio, relative oil volume, relative total volume, z-factor, and formation volume factor of gas at 1100 psig for the differential vaporization of Example 10-2. 

Add -18 volumes (relative to sample weight) of distilled, deionized water or buffer solution that is appropriate for the experiment. 

The density of energy in the pipeline is far lower for biomass than for oil. The present work is based on 30% biomass by volume in a carrier liquid. Wasp et al. (6) based their work on 22% biomass. Brebner (4) and Elliott (5) indicated that at about 47% concentration by volume a slurry of wood chips and water cannot flow. Given the low heat content of wood per unit volume relative to oil and the low concentration of wood chips in water, the energy density in a 30% wood chip slurry is about 8% compared to oil, even based on HHV, and hence far larger pipelines are required to transport the same amount of energy. 

The iron(III) complex is sufficiently volatile and thermally stable to permit chromatography in the gas phase. The retention volume (relative to n-hexadecane) was determined with a column containing 10% poly(dimethylsiloxane) on 60-80 mesh silanized calcined diatomaceous earth. The value obtained at a column temperature of 170°C. is 1.29. 

Calculate the ratios of the counting efficiencies for the various energies at each sample volume relative to those for the 480-mL volume in the cylindrical container to observe the effect of sample volume on efficiency. 

Log10RETENTION VOLUME RELATIVE TO METHYL MYRISTATE IN REOPLEX 400 AT 197 C... 

---